ABSTRACT
Prevalence
of Overweight and Obesity are associated with high rates of morbidity and
mortality which has
become a vital public health concern worldwide. Among many studies conducted on
overweight/obesity prevalence, there is paucity of data on this subject among
workers in the Learning environment. This study thus centered on determining the
prevalence among Male
and Female Non-teaching Staff of Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State. A sum of 105 non-teaching staff of The
Federal Polytechnic Ede premises participated in the survey. BMI was assessed
using a known-weight standardized weighing scale and stadiometer. Data were
analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistic. Prevalence of overweight and obSesity
among respondents was 80% male; 20% female. 7.6% of the respondents don’t do
walk for exercise at all in a week, 12.3% do walk for exercise 1 – 2 times a
week, 20.9% do walk for exercise 3 – 4 times a week, 3.8% do walk for exercise
5 – 6 times a week while 55.2% of the respondent do walk for exercise more than
7 times a week. 69.5% of the respondent eat Rice daily, 7.6% eat rice once per
week, 21% Eat rice more than once per week, 1% eat rice at time per week. 18.1%
of the respondent eat chin-chin daily, 26.7% eat chin-chin once per week, 14.3%
eat chin-chin more than once per week, 8.6% eat chin-chin at time per week,
8.6% rarely eat chin-chin per week while 23.8% eat chin-chin only during social.
Recognition is increasing that overweight and obesity
are not only problems of individuals, but also society wide problems of
populations. Acting on this recognition will require multifaceted
population-based changes in the socio environmental variables that influence
energy intake and expenditure. There exist both a pressing need to act on the
problem of obesity and a large gap between the type and amount of evidence
needed to act and amount of available to meet that need. Live
presentations of consequences and complications of overweight and obesity should
be conducted monthly among the staff as a reinforcing factor for practicing
healthy living. Sports/ recreational programme should be part of work schedule
for staff working in the academic environment.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
page
Table
of Content
List
of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2 Aim of the Study
1.3 Specific Objectives of the Study
1.4 Justification of the Study
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Overweight and Obesity
2.2 Factors in the Development of Overweight
and Obesity
2.3 Types of Obesity
2.4 Risks of Being Overweight or Obese
2.5 Assessment of Overweight and Obesity
2.6 Dietary Treatment of Overweight and
Obesity
2.7 Principles Dietetic Management
2.8 Dietary Guidelines for Overweight and
Obese Individual
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Area of Study
3.2 Study Design
3.3 Study Population
3.4 Sample Size Determination
3.5 Sampling Procedure
3.6 Data Collection
3.7 Data Analysis
3.8 Anthropometric Measurement
3.9 BMI Determination
3.10 Materials
3.11 Measurements
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion
4.1 Socio Demographic Characteristic of the
Respondents
4.2 Physical Activities Characteristics of
the Respondents
4.3 Nutritional Knowledge Characteristics of
the Respondents
4.4 Dietary Pattern Characteristics of the
Respondents
4.5 General Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion
5.1 Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Overweight
and obesity is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide with increasing
prevalence in adults and children and it is view as one of the most serious
public health. It increases the likelihood of various disease particularly
heart diseases, type II diabetics, obstructive sleep apnea, certain type of
cancer and osteoarthritis, obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of
excessive food energy intake, lack of physical activity and genetic
susceptibility. (WHO, 2016)
Obesity
at its simplest results from a chronic positive energy balance i.e. energy
intake regularly exceeds energy output and weight is gained. (Paul, 2007).
The
obesity education initiative of the National Institute of Health classifies
obesity by Body Mass Index and Obesity is by BMIs of 30 or greater. A BMI of 30
is roughly equivalent to being 30 pounds overweight (Judith, 2005).
Obesity
is also defined as a condition characterized by excess body fat typically
defined in clinical settings as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above
(Wardlaw, 2007).
Obesity is a medical condition in which
excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse
effect on health. (WHO, 2000)
It is defined by body mass index (BMI)
further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via the waist–hip ratio and
total cardiovascular risk factors. (Sweeting, 2007)
Overweight and Obesity increases the
risk of many physical and mental conditions. These comorbidities are most
commonly shown in metabolic syndrome, a combination of medical disorders which
includes: diabetes mellitus type II, high blood pressure, high blood
cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels. (Grundy, 2004).
Complications are either directly
caused by overweight or obesity or indirectly related through mechanisms
sharing a common cause such as a poor diet or a sedentary lifestyle. The
strength of the link between obesity and specific conditions varies. One of the
strongest is the link with type II diabetes. Excess body fat underlies 64% of
cases of diabetes in men and 77% of cases in women. (Seidell, 2005)
Overweight and Obesity is
one of the leading
preventable causes of death worldwide. A number of reviews have found that
mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 20–25 kg/m2 in nonsmokers and at 24–27
kg/m2 in current smokers, with risk increasing along with changes in either
direction. This appears to apply in at least four continents. In contrast, a
2013 review found that grade 1 obesity (BMI 30–35) was not associated with
higher mortality than normal weight, and that overweight (BMI 25–30) was
associated with "lower" mortality than was normal weight (BMI
18.5–25). Other evidence suggests that the association of BMI and waist
circumference with mortality is U- or J-shaped, while the association between
waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio with mortality is more positive.
In Asians the risk of negative health effects begins to increase between 22–25
kg/m2. A BMI above 32 kg/m2 has been associated with a doubled mortality rate
among women over a 16-year period. In the United States, obesity is estimated
to cause 111,909 to 365,000 deaths per year while 1 million (7.7%) of deaths in
Europe are attributed to excess weight. On average, obesity reduces life
expectancy by six to seven years, a BMI of 30–35 kg/m2 reduces life expectancy
by two to four years, while severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) reduces life
expectancy by ten years. (Whitlock, et al., 2009).
Health consequences fall into two broad
categories: those attributable to the effects of increased fat mass (such as
osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep apnea, social stigmatization) and those due
to the increased number of fat cells (diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease,
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease). Increases in body fat alter the body's response
to insulin, potentially leading to insulin resistance. Increased fat also
creates a proinflammatory state, and a prothrombotic state. (Dentali, et al., 2009)
1.1 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Overweight and obesity are the fifty-leading
risk for global deaths. WHO global estimates from 2008 indicate that more than
1.4 billion adults, 2 years and older were overweight. Of theses overweight
adult, over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women are obese. Overall,
more than 10% of the world’s adult population was obese. (Tsigos, 2008)
In Africa, obesity rate in western
Africa are estimated to 10%. Rate of obese among women are three times those
found in men. In urban West Africa, rates of obesity have more than doubled in
the last 15 years. In Nigeria, about 3 million people are obese. (Tsigos, 2008)
A common nutritional is the intake of more food than we need, leading
first into overweight and if the imbalance continues into obesity and
eventually in adulthood to type2diabetes hypertension, arthrosis and many other
complications, loss of quality of life and premature disability and death.
Overweight and obesity, lack of physical activity, low fruit and vegetable
intake, high cholesterol and blood glucose is a combination of interlinked
problems, which competes on the highest ranking position among public health
threats with alcohol and tobacco in Northern Dimension Countries (WHO,2007)
1.2 AIM
OF THE STUDY
The aim of the study was to determine
the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Male and Female non-teaching
staff of The Federal Polytechnic Ede, Osun State.
13. SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of this study
are:
1. To determine the anthropometric
parameters if the subjects.
2. To determine the effect of gender on
obesity prevalence.
3. To determine the effect of urbanization
on the prevalence.
4. To determine various factors that would
predispose one to obesity.
5. To determine the prevalence of upper
body obesity among the subject.
6. To determine the nutritional status of
the subjects.
7. To determine the level of physical
activities of the subjects.
8. To evaluate the usual dietary pattern
of the subjects.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Overweight and obesity are major public
health concern in recent years and is one of the leading causes of death in the
world. The major factors and predisposing factors include; lack of physical
activity, genetic susceptibility, dietary habit, life style choices. Therefore,
this study aim should be given on overweight and obesity to determine how to
effectively manage it in order to prevent the various health challenges arising
from overweight and obesity.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
It is important to study the health
effect of overweight and obesity so as to know the preventive measures to be
taken and significance importance of proper dietary measure in assessing the
nutritional status of people and in controlling the rate of overweight and
obesity which could lead to mortality and morbidity.
1.6 SCOPE
OF THE STUDY
The principle of this study is to find
out the nutritional status of Male and Female Non-Teaching Staff of The Federal
Polytechnic Ede, Osun State. For the purpose of this study, the following
strategies will be carried out:
1. Anthropometric measurement of the
Non-Teaching Staff in The Federal Polytechnic Ede.
2. Dietary Survey
1.7 LIMITATIONS
OF THE STUDY
The limitation that will be face during
the course of carrying out the research work at The Federal Polytechnic Ede,
Osun State were:
i.
Most
of the staff will be reluctant in filling the questionnaires.
ii.
Inaccessibility
to some of the staff to check their anthropometric measurements.
iii.
Time
and financial constraints.
1.8 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Overweight: It
refers to body weight that is greater than what is considered normal or healthy
for a certain height. Overweight is generally due to extra body fat. However,
overweight may also be due to extra muscle, bone or water. (Jensen, et al., 2013)
Obesity: It refers to excess accumulation of fat
in the adipose tissue. Obesity at its simplest results from a chronic positive
energy balance i.e energy intake regularly exceeds energy output and weight is
gained. (Mathieu, et al., 2010)
Anthropometry: It
refers to the management of the human individual. The measurements include
weight, height, waist and hip circumference. (Stanley, et al., 2010).
Nutrition: According
to USDA (United State Department of Agriculture), Nutrition is the
science of food, the nutrients and other substances therein, their action,
interaction and balance in relation to health and disease and the processes by
which the organism ingests, absorbs, transports, utilizes and excretes food
substances.
Nutritional Status: It is the measure of relative weight based on an individual’s
mass and height. It is defined as the individual’s body mass (weight in Kg) divided
by the square of their height (m2) – with the value universally
being given in units of Kg/m2. (Buzzard, et al., 2007).
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