ABSTRACT
Waste collection and disposal is a challenge for many cities in Nigeria and the Bauchi state metropolis is no exception. Currently, all the waste generated in Bauchi state ends up at the final disposal sites without any recovery of the valuables in the waste. Waste separation efficiency and willingness to separate waste at source, the physical composition and the per capita waste generated per each household within the Bauchi state metropolis were studied over a five week period. Questionnaire survey and interviews with key stakeholders were also carried out. The results show a solid waste composition of 60.01% biodegradables, 11.47% plastic, 7.35% paper and cardboard, 2.38% metals, 1.51% glass, 1.22% leather and rubber, 2.91% textiles, 8.04% inert materials and 4.98% miscellaneous materials. Over 80% of the waste had the potential for reuse (potentially recyclable) and of the usable material, 22.67% can be recycled and 63.64% for composting. The average per capita waste generated was 0.70 kg/ca/day. The average moisture of biodegradables waste was 54.99%. The data generated on the quantity and composition of the waste stream in the metropolis would play a positive role in solid waste management and help solid waste managers make informed decisions on waste management options.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Solid Waste generation within households, markets and communities is as a result of human activities (Zurbrugg, 2002; Gawaikar and Deshpande, 2006 and Ejaro and Jiya, 2013). These human activities which directly or indirectly produce waste could be agricultural, commercial, or domestic. These sources of waste are highly heterogeneous and are made up of important waste streams such as plastics, yard waste, food waste, papers, metals, glass, textiles, leather and other miscellaneous materials.
Waste management being a major environmental and health challenge around the world today is more pronounced in developing countries (Ejaro and Jiya, 2013). Identification of these valuables in the solid waste stream and their quantities has called for the development of important recovery and recycling technologies and designs for treatment to extract the exact economic benefit of these materials (Pichtel, 2005; Gawaikar and Deshpande, 2006; Ahmad and Jehad, 2012). In most developing economies, biodegradables are the highest fraction; hence the strategic development of bioconversion processes to reduce the quantities of the generated waste and consequent benefit over mere disposal. Biogas and compost production from such a renewable source offers an advantage because of its continual and sustainable supply provided their production cost are minimized.
Accra and other African cities generate 80% organic waste, 10% plastic, glass and metal waste and less than 1% paper waste per day (Gawaikar and Deshpande, 2006).
However, most of these wastes is not properly collected and disposed of in a safe and healthy manner. This situation is not limited to Accra and may be applicable to all the major cities in Nigeria. Bauchi state (TSM) like Accra has a major waste management and disposal problem which may be attributed to lack of understanding of the waste management system.
Although many cities the world over use 20-50 percent of their budget in solid waste management, only 20-80 percent of the waste they produce is collected (Achankeng, 2003). The uncollected or illegally dumped waste constitutes danger to human health and is a recipe for environmental degradation. Not only are the quantities but also the variety of waste is increasing as consumption habits are fuelled by globalisation (Achankeng, 2003).
The various classes of residential areas often have varying waste management challenges; first class residential areas enjoy a door- to -door waste collection, while the second and third class residential areas sometimes have door –to- door service, but the majority of the areas are under the “pay- as- you- dump” service where community bins are provided. However, there are other third class residential areas which do not have any of these services. Wastes from these less-privileged areas are mostly dumped indiscriminately in open places.
Zoomlion, a private waste management company, collects most of the waste from the communities within the TSM but does not have data on waste generated and composition to help plan and design their waste management strategies which is most needed (Oumarou et al., 2012).
This research therefore aimed at generating data on the waste produced in the TSM and its composition by quantifying and characterising it to inform decisions on waste management project planning.
1.2 Problem Statement
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation has increased significantly within the TSM due to increasing urbanisation and industralisation. The municipal assemblies manage solid waste with the aim of providing good quality sanitation services in order to keep the cities clean and to enhance public health and safety. Evaluation of the resource requirement for collection, transportation, processing and disposal as well as equipment for waste management requires a correct assessment of the quantity of waste generated per capita per day from direct residential areas and the characteristics of waste generated (Gawaikar and Deshpande, 2006).
In Bauchi state, as in other parts of Nigeria, there is no data on waste generation and composition thus making planning difficult. All the mixed waste ends up in the landfill sites without recovering or recycling any of the valuable materials in them. The population of STMA coupled with the influx of hundreds of economic migrants into the city‟s oil industry has resulted in an increase in waste generation and therefore its management (Adu-Boahen, 2012). In view of this, source specific quantification and characterisation of the household waste is very much required to assess the quality and quantity of waste generated (Gawaikar and Deshpande, 2006) which will allow correct assessment of waste load and make it easier for proper planning of solid waste management in the TSM.
1.3 Justification
The characterization and quantification of household waste in Bauchi state would bring together data on the generation rate and the composition of waste in the sub-metro. This will help the sub-metro to operate an efficient waste management system. An efficient solid waste management system for TSM will serve as a model for municipal waste management for the other sub-metros in the city as well as other cities in Nigeria since the problems of waste management is similar and prevalent through Nigeria.
1.4 Main Objective
The main objective of the research was to characterise and quantify household waste for proper management of waste in the TSM and to help make informed decisions on project planning for diversion of this waste from the final disposal sites.
1.5 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this research were to:
1.5.1 Determine the physical composition of household waste within the TSM;
1.5.2 Assess the separation efficiency and willingness of the people to separate waste;
1.5.3 Determine the per capita and quantity of the waste generation in TSM;
1.5.4 Determine the potential for recycling of the MSW and
1.5.5 Determine the moisture content of the separated biodegradable waste materi- als.
1.6 Scope of Study
The selected study is Bauchi state which is one of the four sub-metros of the Sekondi-Bauchi state Assembly. The research work is presented in Six
(6) chapters. The chapter one (1) looks at the problem of waste management in the TSM. Chapter two examines existing literature on solid waste characterization and quantification as well as waste management. Chapter three (3) describes the materials and methods employed in gathering data from the field. These included field investigation, questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. Chapter four (4) analyses the findings from the fields and chapter five (5) summarises the key findings of the study. Chapter six (6) is the conclusion and recommendations.
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