ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the coliform bacterial contamination of drinking water of Bayelsa during March to June 2024.
Seventy samples of water were taken from seven different areas main station, including chemically treated water from the main station and untreated water from wells. Bacterial coliform contamination was investigated by Multiple fermentation tube technique to detect the existence of total and thermotolerant coliforms at 37◦C and 44◦C, respectively.
The total coliform bacteria were detected in 46 (65.7%) samples, while thermotolerant coliform bacteria were detected in 31 (44.3%) samples.
A total of 57 isolates were obtained from 46 samples, which were identified according to their microscopic, cultural and biochemical properties as: Escherichia coli (38.6%), Enterobacter aerogenes (17.5%), Enterobacter cloacae (15.8%), Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies aerogenes (12.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae subspecies ozaenae (8.8%) and Citrobacter freundii (7%).
Citrobacter freundii and Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. ozaenae were found in untreated water only. While the other species were found in both treated and untreated water with higher prevalence in untreated water.
Chapter one
Introduction
Water is the universal solvent as they call it. It covers 70% of the earth's surface and is also present in varying amounts in the atmosphere. It is an essential component of all cells and a requirement for life. It represents about 45% to 95% of living cell (Lim, 1998).
The drinking water must be safe and it is considered polluted if it contains toxic substances or pathogens (Black, 1999). Good quality water is odourless, colorless, tasteless and free from faecal pollution and chemicals in harmful amounts (Cheesbrough, 1994). Black (1999) has estimated that up to 80% of all sicknesses and diseases in the world are caused by polluted water. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that up to 80% of all sicknesses and diseases in the world was caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water (Cheesbrough, 1994).
Many water sources in developing countries are unhealthy because they contain harmful physical, chemical and biological agents. It has been reported that the death of most of children in Africa who die under the age of 5 is caused by inadequate and unsafe water supplies (Loucks, 1994).
UNICEF reported that about 90% of major epidemics in the Nigeria are water-borne and water-related, causing the death of some 40% of children under five years of age (El Tayeb, 2002). When water is contaminated with faecal material, any pathogen that leaves the body through the faeces, (many bacteria, viruses and some protozoa) can be present. The most common diseases that are transmitted by water are typhoid fever, salmonellosis, shigellosis, cholera, legionnaire's diseases and gastroenteritis which is induced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter fetus.
Also, some viral and parasitic diseases may be transmitted like hepatitis, poliomyelitis, giardiasis and amoebic dysentery (Black, 1999).
Coliform bacteria may not cause disease but can be indicators of pathogenic organisms that cause intestinal infections, dysentery, hepatitis, typhoid fever, cholera and other illnesses. These illnesses are not limited to diseases-causing organisms in drinking water. However, other factors that may not associate with drinking water may be the cause. Previous studies in Nigeria have dealt only with certain aspects of water pollution problems. Detailed considerations have come to light as a result of the work done by Dirar (1986) and Abdelmagid, Ibrahim and Dirar (1984) on the pollution of water from wells in Khartoum area. Routine microbiological analysis of water is necessary once water treatment system has been installed in order that problem in the treatment process can be anticipated (WHO, 1996).
Different microbiological methods have been developed since the early 1900s to assess water quality with regard to public health. Most methods rely on enumerating coliforms and E. coli as indicators for faecal pollution. There is a large number of techniques that are used in bacteriological analysis of water such as standard plate count, membrane filter technique and multiple fermentation tube technique. The latter two methods are recommended by the WHO. However, culture-based methods, which include the detection of only live bacteria, have sevral problems such as lack of specificity for detection of free faecal coliform (E. coli) and in addition time is required for detection and conformation (Roszake and Colwell, 1987). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been used for detection of the target nucleotide sequence associated with coliform bacteria or specifically with E. coli using specific primers (Schochetman and Jones, 1988).
Objectives of the study:
1- To investigate drinking water for colifrom bacterial pollution in Bayelsa at different locations during four months
2- Investigation of ground water before its pumping through public pipelines.
For more Water Resources & Environmental Engineering Projects Click here
===================================================================Item Type: Project Material | Size: 66 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
===================================================================
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.