ABSTRACT
Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive
value of sorghum, millet, cassava and sweet potato with or without enzyme
supplementation in broiler chickens production. The growth performance,
nutrient digestibility, heamatological parameters and characteristics of
broiler chickens were evaluated. In the experiment 1, diets were not
supplemented with enzyme while in the second, the diets were supplemented with
Maxigrain® enzyme. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (23.17 %
CP; 2831 Kcal/kgME) and (21.73 % CP; 2929 Kcal/kgME) for the broiler starter (0
- 4 weeks) and finisher phases (5-8 weeks) respectively were formulated. Diet
T1 maize based diet served as the control while diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 were
sorghum, pearl millet, cassava and sweet potatoes based diets, respectively. A
total of 225 day- old NAPRI X broiler chicks were randomly allotted to the five
treatments. Each treatment consisted of 45 birds with three replicates of
fifteen birds each in a completely randomized design. Feeds and water were
provided ad libitum. Data collected were analysed using the general
linear model procedures of S.A.S. 9.0 and significant difference (P < 0.05) in
means among the dietary treatments was separated using a tukey test. The result
of the first experiment 1 showed that final body weights of 503.44 g and
2302.77 g, feed intake of 819.67 g and 3073.70 g and weight gain of 453.61 g
and 1892.07 g were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed the millet
based diet (T3) for starter and finisher broiler respectively than the other
dietary treatments. The broiler chickens in T3 (millet based diet) recorded
significantly (P < 0.05) the best feed conversion ratio of 1.62 and the
cheapest feed cost per kg weight gain of ^145.90 for finisher phase. Birds fed
diet T5 the sweet potatoes based diet gave significantly (P < 0.05) poorest
values in in FCR, feed cost, weight gain and mortality rate at the starter
phase. At the finisher phase, the sweet potato based diet also gave the poorest
performance in FCR and feed cost per kg weight gain. The result of carcass
showed significant differences (P < 0.05) within the treatments in all the
parameters measured with the exception of heart and length of intestine.
Digestibility trial showed significant (P < 0.05) difference in the percent
ether extract digestibilities across dietary treatments. Dietary treatments had
significant (P < 0.05) effect on white and red blood cells. In experiment 2,
enzyme with different energy feed sources had significant (P < 0.05) effect on
all the parameters. Final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, water
intake, water:feed ratio and feed cost per kilogramme weight gain with the
exception of mortality rate at starter phase. Birds fed the sorghum based diet
had the best performance at starter phase with final weight of 627 g, weight
gain of 576.85 g and cheapest feed cost/kg gain of ^ 187.95 k. At the finisher
phase, sorghum supplemented with enzyme also had the highest final bodyweight,
best feed conversion ratio (1.96) and feed cost/kg gain; ^ 171.15 k. The
haematological and digestibility results showed significant (P < 0.05)
differences across dietary treatments. However, based on the results of the
studies, dressing percentage was not significantly (P > 0.05) difference. It
was concluded that millet based diet without enzyme and sorghum based diets
with enzyme supplementation can be suitable and effective as an alternative
dietary energy source replacement for income in broiler Chicken production.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nigeria like most other developing countries, suffers greatly
from a constant shortage and increasing cost of protein and energy feed
resources for livestock (F.A.O., 2000). This situation has become highly
magnified due to high competition between livestock and the ever growing human
population for the same source of food, particularly energy feed such as maize,
sorghum etc. Whereas these feeds form the basic constituents of the ration for
the monogastric animals, it also form the major sources of human food (F.A.O.,
2002).
Feed remains the most expensive input in poultry production
with cereal grains constituting more than 40 % of the feed cost. Oyedeji et al.
(2003) observed that cost of feeding accounts for about 70 % of cost of
production in poultry business. Several workers have emphasized the need for
utilizing alternative feed ingredients which have no competition for human
(Durunna et al., 1999; Fanimo et al., 2007; Nsa et al., 2010). There is
therefore, a dire need for the animal nutritionists to seek for alternatives to
the inadequate and expensive alternative feedstuffs to forestall an impending
serious food crisis. Some researchers (Kwari et al., 2004; Okah, 2004) have
stressed the need for utilization of alternative feed ingredients.
Energy feed sources (maize, sorghum, millet and cassava) are
expensive feedstuff, constituting about 50-55% of the formulated poultry diets.
Maize a major component of feed is expensive, its productivity is low which
means it does not meet its demand for both human and animal needs (Agbede et al.,
2002; Hamzat et al., 2003 and Okereke et al., 2006). Maize most often
constitutes the highest proportion of ingredient in diet formulation of any poultry ration. Maize is the major source of energy in
poultry production accounting for 45-65% of poultry feeds (Ijaiya et
al., 2012). Worldwide, guinea corn (Sorghum bicolar Linn.) and millet grain
crops (finger millet (Eleusine coracam) and pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoids)
are very important ingredients in poultry diets. Millet is reported to have
lower metabolizable energy, higher crude protein, crude fibre and ash than
maize and sorghum (Medugu et al., 2011; Ijaiya et al., 2012). Cassava (Manihot
esculenta), a high energy crop is available throughout the year in Nigeria.
Both cassava and sweet potato have starch as the major component with low
protein (2.7-7.9 %) hence obviously needs adequate protein supplementation
(Apata and Babalola, 2012). Cassava contain toxic/anti-nutritional factors such
as cyanogenic glycosides (cyanide, linamarin, lotaustralin and hydrocyanic
acid) which cause bitter taste and reduce palatability of the roots. Sweet
potato, (Ipomoea batatas) belongs to the morning-glory family Convalvuceace. It
is cultivated primarily in tropical areas and ranked fifth among the most
important food crop in the tropics (An, 2004). The few available reports agreed
that sweet potato can be incorporated into diets of chicken but should not be
made the main source of energy (Afolayan, 2010).
1.1 Justification
There is a need to evaluate different energy sources so as to
make better choices of which to use depending on prevailing circumstances of
cost, scarcity and/or abundance. Therefore, information on their use in poultry
diets. When prices of the alternative energy sources such as maize is high,
information on other possible alternative sources become necessary to keep
production on. There is a need to evaluate the effect of enzyme on these
sources of energy for optimum poultry production. This study was therefore
conducted to evaluate the effect of some energy sources on the
performance of broiler chickens, with and without enzyme supplementation.
1.2 Objectives of
the Study
1.2.1 Main Objective
To determine the performance of broiler chickens when fed
diets containing different energy sources.
1.2.2 Specific
Objectives:
These were to:
Compare the growth performance, nutrient digestibility,
haematological parameters and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed
maize, sorghum, millet, cassava and sweet potatoes as energy sources.
Compare the growth performance, nutrient digestibility,
haematological parameters and carcass characteristics of broiler Chickens fed
maize, sorghum, millet, cassava and sweet potatoes as energy sources with
enzyme supplementation.
1.2.3 Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant difference in growth performance,
nutrient digestibility, haematological parameters and carcass characteristics
of broiler chickens fed maize, sorghum, millet, cassava and sweet potatoes as
energy sources, with or without enzyme supplementation.
Ha: There is
a significant difference
in growth performance,
nutrient digestibility,
haematological parameters and
carcass characteristics of
broiler chickens fed
maize, 3 sorghum, millet, cassava and sweet
potatoes as energy sources, with or without enzyme supplementation.
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