ABSTRACT
Eighteen trace heavy metals
were quantitatively analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy; five samples
of petroleum products were collected from Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical
Company. Three different preparation methods were adopted for the determination
of trace and heavy metals present in the various petroleum products viz: Direct
sample aspiration into the flame after solvent dilution, Total acid (wet)
digestion of the sample, Ashing of the sample and dissolution with an
appropriate acid. Sample treatment with organic acid prior to aspiration proved
to be more reliable and it gave good results for trace and heavy metals in
petroleum products except for kerosene sample, where most of the elements
responded positively to ashing preparation method. The level of eighteen
elements analyzed in Petrol (PMS), Kerosene (DPK), Gas Oil (AGO), LPFO and
Residual fuel are shown in table 3.7 which revealed that Potassium(120 mg/l,
340 mg/l, 120 mg/l, 2900 mg/l, 2050 mg/l) and Sodium (260 mg/l, 180 mg/l, 160
mg/l, 1800 mg/l, 1200 mg/l) are the most abundant elements in both the five
sample under study followed by Iron(1.20 mg/l, 1.74 mg/l, 1.25 mg/l, 0.60
mg/l), Manganese(1.28 mg/l, 1.04 mg/l, 1.46 mg/l, 6.6 mg/l4.8 mg/l), Lead(0.50
mg/l, 0.16 mg/l, 0.40 mg/l, 27.8 mg/l, 24.6 mg/l) and Aluminium (0.42 mg/l,
1.06 mg/l, 0.32 mg/l, 0.82 mg/l, 24.6 mg/l). The concentration ranges of trace
heavy metals analyzed are within the permissible levels set by World Health
Organisation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Principle/
Components of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
1.2 Literature review
1.3 Crude Oil / Composition
1.3.1Types of Hydrocarbon
1.3.2 Classification of Petroleum
1.3.3 Chemistry of Petroleum
1.3.4 Origin of Petroleum
1.3.5 Biogenic theory
1.3.6 Abiogenic theory
1.3.7 Petroleum movement/migration
1.4 History/Exploration of
Petroleum in Nigeria
1.5 Petroleum refining
process
1.5.1 Distillation (Fractionation)
1.5.2 Atmospheric distillation
1.5.3 Vacuum distillation
1.5.4 Reforming
1.5.5 Cracking
1.5.6 Catalytic cracking
1.5.7 Fluid catalytic cracking
1.5.8 Thermal cracking
1.5.9 Hydrocracking
1.5.10 Alkylation
1.5.11 Isomerization
1.5.12 Polymerization
1.5.13 Hydro-treating and
sulphur plants
1.5.14 Sulphur recovery
plants
1.6 Petroleum products
1.6.1Gasoline
1.6.2 Kerosene
1.6.3 Petroleum Diesel
1.6.4 Fuel Oil
1.6.5 Lubricating Oil
1.6.6 Wax
1.6.7 Petrolatum
1.6.8 Asphalt
1.7 Environmental effects
1.8 Aim and Objectives
1.9 Justification
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Sampling
2.2.3 Chemicals /Reagents
2.2.4 Determination Physicochemical properties of Nig. Petroleum
products
Determination of
Density/Specific Gravity/ API
Determination of Viscosity
Determination Aniline point
Determination of Total
Sulphur
Determination of water
Content
2.2.5 Sample Digestion method
2.2.6 Dilution of Sample in an Organic Solvent
2.2.7 Acid (Wet)Digestion
2.2.8 Ashing Digestion
2.2.9 Determination of Trace Metals
CHAPTER THREE
Results and Discussion
3.1 Results
3.2 Discussion
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Conclusion and Recommendations
4.1 Conclusions
4.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Introduction
Crude oil contains mainly
hydrocarbons especially alkanes, naphthenes, and aromatics (Odebunmi and
Adeniyi,2004),It contains also some nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur containing
compounds along with trace amounts of elements especially nickel, vanadium,
titanium, iron, cadmium etc(Odebunmi and Adeniyi,2004; Olajire and
Oderinde,1996). The presence of trace metals and non-metals in the crude oil
and petroleum products is destructive, especially in the refining process(Oderinde,
1989).Indigenous petroleum refineries, petroleum depots and filling stations as
well as environment in general require enough information on the concentration
of trace and heavy metals in Nigerian petroleum products because of its
detrimental effects on both equipment and environment. The trace/heavy metals
composition in petroleum products can be used for the identification of
environmental fuel pollution. Exhaust from various machine including cars,
buses, generators, etc contributed immensely in so many environmental problems
due to the concentration of some trace/heavy metals in it.Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS) is a well-established extremely valuable technique for
the determination of trace amounts of metals. Since its introduction by Walsh,
the method has gone through a number of developmental stages aiming at
obtaining an increase in reliability, ease of operation and, above all,
improvement in the limit of detection .AAS is an analytical method based on...
For more Petroleum Chemistry projects click here
___________________________________________________________________________
This is a Postgraduate Thesis and the complete research material plus questionnaire and references can be obtained at an affordable price of N3,000 within Nigeria or its equivalent in other currencies.
INSTRUCTION ON HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL
Kindly pay/transfer a total sum of N3,000 into any of our Bank Accounts listed below:
· Diamond Bank Account:
A/C Name: Haastrup Francis
A/C No.: 0096144450
· GTBank Account:
A/C Name: Haastrup Francis
A/C No.: 0029938679
After payment, send your desired Project Topic, Depositor’s Name, and your Active E-Mail Address to which the material would be sent for downloading (you can request for a downloading link if you don’t have an active email address) to +2348074521866 or +2348066484965. You can as well give us a direct phone call if you wish to. Projects materials are sent in Microsoft format to your mail within 30 Minutes once payment is confirmed.
--------------------------------------------------------
N/B: By ordering for our material means you have read and accepted our Terms and Conditions
Terms of Use: This is an academic paper. Students should NOT copy our materials word to word, as we DO NOT encourage Plagiarism. Only use as guide in developing your original research work.
Delivery Assurance
We are trustworthy and can never SCAM you. Our success story is based on the love and fear for God plus constant referrals from our clients who have benefited from our site. We deliver project materials to your Email address within 15-30 Minutes depending on how fast your payment is acknowledged by us.
Quality Assurance
All research projects, Research Term Papers and Essays on this site are well researched, supervised and approved by lecturers who are intellectuals in their various fields of study.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.