ABSTRACT
Changes to
original design occur during construction to most projects, such changes leads to increased cost,
and delays as it affects time of completions, these changes are due to design
errors, omission and discrepancies that are found in construction documents.
Such errors, omission and discrepancies sometimes occurred as a result of
inconsistent dimensions, improper setting-out, poor coordination and
communication lacuna amongst the numerous parties involved in the design
process.
Reoccurrence of this errors, omission and discrepancies is
on the increase and therefore deserve timely intervention. The objective of the
study is to highlight cases of change order and its implication in projects,
hence the specific role of consultant’s builders ‘in minimizing change order in
construction projects. The objective with which to achieve the aim is to
sensitize and create awareness of the dangers of change orders in construction
projects and also to create awareness that the engagement of consultant
builders is imperative in minimizing change order in projects .This research
discovered that change order resulting from errors , omissions and
discrepancies in the design , poor coordination, communication lacuna among
parties can be minimized or eliminated by the use of new design software , the
3D parametric building software amongst others and this would guarantee
flexible and effective design . Minimizing the factors that causes errors ,
omission and discrepancies should start from inception of the project through
the design and construction stage to the end of the project .All parties to the
contract : Architects, Civil /structural Engineers ,Mechanical/Electrical
Engineers, Quantity surveyors and the Builders as a case study in this
project must be involved to alleviate the incessant cases of change orders to
ensure that the client gets the best value for his money .
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Kerezner (2003)
change order is a process whereby changes in the scope of work agreed to by the
owner, contractor and Architect are implemented.
A change order is
work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract,
which alters the original contract amount or completion period or date.
Change orders are
common to most projects and very common with large project (public projects).
After the original scope for the contract has been defined with the contract
sum and completion period agreed by both parties, the client may decide that
the original concept do not best represent his definition for the finished
project. Accordingly, the client will suggest an alternate approach.
Common causes for change orders to be created are:-1 Sudden
change in client taste 2 Wrong initial estimate
3
Discrepancies in contract documents
4
Faulty design i.e. correction of
design errors
5
The project teams are inefficient or
incapable of completing their required deliverable within budget and additional
money, time or resources must be added to the project.
6
Addition or omission from the
original scope.
7
During the course of the project,
additional features or options are perceived and requested by both parties to
the contract.
A
project manager as the case may be, will generates a change order that
describes the new work to be
done (or not done in some cases), and the price to be paid for this new work.
Once this change order is
submitted and approved, after a thorough cost analysis by a cost expert in the
construction industry to ensure that whatever differential in terms of cost can
be paid for by the client, it generally serves to alter the original contract
scope and sum such that the change order now becomes part of the contract.
Bamisile (2004) a Builder is to
study the production information from production point of view and suggest ways
by which the design could be more production friendly for the direct benefit of
client/developer. The consultants/professional input of a builder is to
complement the effort of the design team with the singular objective of giving
clients the best value for their money and enhancement of the usage of the
construction industry.
Thus
reducing or immunizing change order which must have followed without the
professional advice of the consultant builder on buildability and
maintainability analysis.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Banisile (2004) the
consultant Builder’s role in building development process starts from the
planning/design stage. In project construction, a builder performs the
following roles.
1
Carry out buildability and
maintainability analysis.
2
Prepare production management
documents.
3
Manage the production process on
site
In discharging
these functions; he would be able to capture and offer advice on design changes
during construction, to ensure that the project meets builder’s requirements as
highlighted above.
1.3 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to
apprise the roles consultant builders play in minimizing change order in
construction project – public building. Also to established or investigate
cause of change order in project construction.
The
objectives with which to achieve the aim are as follows
1 To
sensitize and create awareness of the dangers of change orders construction
projects.
1.4 SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on design
related change orders, especially those resulting from errors, omission and
discrepancies between contract drawings. The scope will be restricted to Abuja
and Kano state of Nigeria. The study was limited to analysis the questionnaires
using descriptive, explanatory research and samplings techniques.
1.5 SIGNIFICANT
OF THE STUDY
The significant of this study
is to create an awareness that would reduce, alleviate or minimize or totally
eliminate factors that might result in errors, omission and discrepancies in
design that intimately lead to change order in construction project in Nigeria.
This study is
important to professionals, students in the building/ construction industry,
the government and society in general so as to assist in solving the change
order problem associated with increased cost, loss of productivity, and delays
in the completion of projects in the constructions industry, which in turn may
generate claims and even costly litigations.
This research
project is unique as it attempts to provide answers to the following questions
which were formulated by the research in order to address the study.
1 What are the factors responsible for error,
omission, additions and discrepancies in construction projects?
2
What are the implications of errors,
omission, additions and discrepancies in project execution?
3
Is constructability analysis widely
implemented in building construction industry?
4
What
are the roles
played by different
professional bodies in the
construction
industry particularly, the consultant builder.
1.7 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
The
following hypothesis shall be subjected to empirical evidence based on data
collected.
H1: There
is no significant effect of design on change order in the building
construction
industry.
Ho1: There
is significant effect of design on change order in the building
construction
industry.
H2: There
is no significant effect of poor coordination and communication on
errors,
omission, addition and discrepancies.
errors,
omission, addition and discrepancies
H3: The
concept of 3D parametric build model is widely implemented in
the
building construction industry.
Ho3: The
concept of 3D parametric build model is not widely implemented in
the building construction industry.
It
is pertinent to note, that the concept of 3D parametric build model is clearly
detailed in page 21, 22, 36 and37of this project work.
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Item Type: Project Material | Size: 73 pages | Chapters: 1-5
Format: MS Word | Delivery: Within 30Mins.
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