CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Biochemical
pregnancy loss or miscarriage is the pregnancy loss, which occurs after
positive urinary or serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), but before
ultrasound or histological detection of pregnancy (<6 12-21="" 22="" after="" and="" as="" before="" between="" by="" clinical="" conception="" confirmed="" consecutive="" defined="" detection="" divided="" early="" embryology="" eshre="" evidence="" gestational="" histological="" human="" intrauterine="" is="" late="" loss="" losses="" miscarriage="" miscarriages="" occurs="" of="" or="" pregnancy="" products="" reproduction="" rm="" sac="" society="" span="" the="" to="" ultrasound="" uropean="" weeks="" which=""> Miscarriage
is one of the most common complications in pregnancy [1]. It is estimated that
one out of four clinically recognised pregnancies will end in miscarriage
during the first-trimester, and approximately 1% of pregnant women will
experience a second-trimester miscarriage [2].
Despite the prevalence of miscarriage, 50% are
attributed to chromosomal abnormalities [3], and a considerable percentage are
classified as unexplained [4]. Therefore, identifying risk factors and
effective interventions to prevent miscarriage has become a priority in the medical
and scientific community [5]. Well-known risk factors include advanced maternal
and paternal age, heavy smoking, alcohol consumption, infertility and previous
miscarriage [6–10]. Preconception health care aims to identify and increase
awareness to reduce risk factors before pregnancy that might affect the future
maternal, child and family health [11–13]. An effort has been made to develop
effective intervention plans and to include preconception risk factors in
prenatal prevention programs internationally [14–18].
One of the main recommendations is to promote
effective preconception health care interventions to develop curricula of
preconception risk factors at undergraduate and postgraduate level [15].
Insight into students’ awareness of miscarriage might help to assess the
effectiveness of preconception care education at a hospital level, but also to
highlight the gaps of knowledge among this targeted population..
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Miscarriage is represent one of the
most serious health problem in pregnant women and community-based problem. Most
previous studies reported that one in five pregnant women end in miscarriage.
[1,2] Other prospective studies had reported fetal loss rates were
approximately one-third. [3,4] There are many factors contributing to
miscarriage and they were regarded as wellestablished and controversial risk
factors. The well-established risk factors include: increased maternal age.
[5,6] history of abortion and infertility. [7,8] In our region, these factors
may show some differences and might not be the same as demonstrated in the
previous studies since there were many factors that were variable. There are
different types of miscarriage depending on cause and stage of pregnancy.
Miscarriage is ordinary classified as incomplete or complete, threatened and
inevitable, on the basis of clinical history and findings of digital pelvic
examination. [9] The purpose of the study is to determine these types and to
identify the risk factors in the first trimester. Ultrasound plays effective role
in detection and evaluation of miscarriage and display a variety of sonographic
appearances according to the stage of miscarriage.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of
this study:
i.
To examine the
determinant of pregnancy miscarriage among women in Nigeria.
ii.
To examine the risk
factors of miscarriage at the first trimester of pregnant women.
iii.
To identify the types
ofpregnancy miscarriageprevalent among women.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i.
What are the
determinants of pregnancy miscarriage among women in Nigeria?
iv.
What is are the risk
factors of miscarriage at the first trimester of pregnant women?
ii.
What are the
types of pregnancy miscarriage prevalent among women?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance
of this study:
i.
The outcome of
this study will be beneficial to all categories of women and the society at
large.
ii.
The results from
this study will help individuals identify the negative effect or disadvantage
associated with the involvement of pregnancy miscarriage and how it affects the
society at large.
iii.
This research
will be a contribution to the body of literature in the area of the effect of
personality trait on student’s academic performance, thereby constituting the
empirical literature for future research in the subject area.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study will cover the causes
and the consequences, Knowledge and attitude on the causes of miscarriages
among pregnant women in Ilorin metropolis kwara state.
LIMITATION
OF STUDY
Financial
constraint- Insufficient fund
tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant
materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection
(internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time
constraint- The researcher will
simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently
will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
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Item Type: Project Material | Size: 33 pages | Chapters: 1-5
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