ABSTRACT
This study assessed the prevalence
of risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases among adults working in
Federal Government Establishments in Umuahia Abia state, Nigeria. Two hundred
adults randomly selected in the establishments participated in the study.
Interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on
respondents’ socio-economic characteristics, food frequency and some lifestyle
practices. The anthropometric measurements of the respondents were taken using
standard methods and their body mass index (BMI) calculated. The BMI of the
respondents were grouped according to World Health Organisation (WHO) 2000 BMI
classification. The postprandial plasma glucose level and the blood pressure of
the respondents were measured using standard methods and compared with normal
values. Data collected were analysed using statistical package for social
sciences.Frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, Chi- square
analysis and Analysis of variance were used. The results obtained showed that
1.5% of the respondents were underweight, 44.5% of the subjects were normal
while 35.5% and 18.5% were overweight and obese respectively. Thirteen percent
of female respondents were significantly more obese (P<0 .05="" 1.5="" 1="" 2="" 4.5="" 5="" adult="" among="" and="" at="" blood="" both="" counterparts.="" diabetes="" diastolic="" different="" eighty="" female="" glucose="" had="" half="" hypertension.="" like="" male="" mellitus="" more="" normal="" not="" observed="" of="" onset="" p="" percent="" pressure="" respondents.="" respondents="" similar="" stage="" statistically="" systolic="" than="" the="" their="" three="" values="" was="" were="" while="">0.05. The results showed
that respondents’ educational status had no significant effect on their BMI,
blood sugar and blood pressure at P>0.05 . Similarly, there was no
significant effect of respondents’ income level on their BMI, blood sugar and
blood pressure at P>0.05 . The food consumption pattern of the respondents
showed that starchy foods formed the main bulk of their diet. In the meat/fish
group, fish was consumed daily by 58.5% of the respondents. Daily consumption
of palm oil and vegetables among respondents were 80.5% and 42.5% respectively.
Only 36.5% of the respondents had regular medical examination. The results show
that the prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes among the respondents
will increase if major lifestyles changes are not made.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
page
Table
of contents
List
of Tables
List
of Figures
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background
of the study
Statement
of the problem
Specific
objective of the study
General
objectives of the study
Significance
of the study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Cardiovascular
diseases
Atherosclerosis
Coronary
heart disease
2.1.3
Angina pectoris
2.1.4
Stroke
2.1.5
Heart failure
2.1.6
Cardiomyopathy
2.2
Cardiovascular disease risk factors
2.2.1
Obesity
2.2.2
Hypertension
2.2.3
Diabetes
2.2.4
Smoking/tobacco use
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Area of study
3.2
Study population
3.2.1
Sample size
3.3
Method of data collection
3.3.1
Blood pressure
3.3.2
Blood glucose
3.3.3
Anthropometry
3.3.4
Body mass index
3.3.5
Questionnaire
3.3.6
Research assistants
3.3.7
Statistical analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE: Discussion
5.1
Conclusion
5.2
Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
Cardiovascular diseases are a
group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. They include coronary heart
disease, cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease,
congenital heart disease and atherosclerosis (World Health Organization, WHO,
2009). Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally, more
people die annually from these diseases than from any other cause. An estimated
17.1 million died from cardiovascular disease in 2004, representing 29% of all
global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.2 million deaths were due to
coronary heart disease and 5.7 million as a result of stroke (WHO, 2009).
Economic transition, urbanization and globalization bring about lifestyle
changes that promote heart disease (Chockalingam & Balaguer-Vintro, 1999).
Rapid acculturation and improvement in economic conditions have led to the
disappearance of the protective effects of a healthy diet. Urban dwellers may
believe that a diet high in energy and fat, similar to that of western affluent
countries is a symbol of their new status. The global availability of cheap
vegetable oils and fats has led to greatly increased fat consumption among
low-income countries. As a result of this, people are exposed to cardiovascular
disease risk factors in developing countries (Chockalingam & Balaguer
Vintro, 1999). There are many risk factors associated with cardiovascular
diseases. The major ones are tobacco, alcohol, high blood pressure
(hypertension), high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity and
unhealthy diets. There is a high prevalence of these risk factors across the
world (Mackay & Mensah, 2004).
1.2 Statement of the
Problem
World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 16.7 million
people around the globe die of cardiovascular disease each year (WHO, 2003). In
2001, cardiovascular diseases contributed to nearly one-third of global deaths.
Low and middle income countries contributed to 85 percent of cardiovascular
diseases deaths (WHO, 2002). In developing countries, twice as many deaths from
cardiovascular diseases now occur. A particular cause for concern is the
relatively early age of cardiovascular disease deaths compared to those in the
developed regions (WHO, 2003). By
1.3 General Objective
The general objective of this
study was to determine the prevalence of the risk factors associated with
cardiovascular diseases among adults working in federal government
establishments in Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria.
1.4 Specific
objectives
The specific objectives of the study were to
a) determine
and classify the body mass index (BMI) of the respondents
b) determine
the blood sugar level of the respondents
c) determine
the blood pressure of the respondents
d) assess the
food consumption pattern of the respondents using food frequency
e)
compare the body mass index,
blood glucose level and blood pressure of the male respondents to their female
counterparts
1.5 Significance of
the study
(a)
The results of the study will
reveal the prevalence of risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases
among the subjects.
(b)
This study will reveal the
nutrition knowledge of the subjects and give baseline information on the
possible need for more nutrition education.
(c) The results of this study
when disseminated will provide information for health professionals including nutritionists
to create channels (campaigns, media outreach) to sensitize the public on
cardiovascular disease risk factors, causes, complications and prevention.....
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