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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Abstract
Table of contents
Abbrevations, Definitions, Glossary and Symbols
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statementof Research Problem
1.2 Justification
1.3 Theoritical Frame Work
1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study
1.4.1 Aim
1.4.2 Specific objectives
1.5 Research Hypothesis
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Traditional Medicine
2.2 Overview of asthma
2.3 Epidermiology
2.4 Symptoms of Asthma
2.5 Factors Associated with of Asthma
2.5.1 Environmental Factors
2.5.2 Genetics
2.5.3 Socio Economic Factors
2.5.4 Occupation
2.5.5 Population Disparities
2.5.6 Athletics
2.6 Types of asthma
2.6.1 Extrinsic asthma
2.6.2 Intrinsic asthma
2.7 Diagnosis of asthma
2.8 Asthma Inflammation: cells and mediators
2.8.1 Inflammatory cells involved in asthma
2.8.2 Structural cells
2.8.3 Mediators
2.9 Pathophysiology of asthma
2.10 Pathogenesis
2.11 Goals of asthma therapy
2.12 Treatment of bronchial asthma
2.12.1 Non pharmacological interventions to asthma
2.12.2 Pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma
2.13 Important medicinal plants with anti-asthmatic potential
2.14 The
Family,Asclepiadaceae
2.15 Calotropis
procera
2.16 Geographical
Distribution of the Plant
2.17 Ethnopharmacology
2.18 Some
pharmacological properties of the Plant
2.19 Models for
Antiasthmatic Study
2.19.1 Spasmolytic activity in isolated guinea pig Ileum
preparation
2.19.2 Carrageenan-induced leucocytosis
2.19.3 Passive paw anaphylaxis in rats
2.19.4 Haloperidol-induced catalepsy
2.19.5 Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.0 Materials and
Method
3.1 Plant Material
3.2 Preparation of
Plant Extract
3.3 Experimental
Animals
3.4 Drugs and
Chemicals
3.5 Equipment and
other Materials
3.6 Median Lethal
Dose (LD50) Determination in Rats
3.7 Screening for
Anti-asthmatic Activity
3.7.1 In vitro study on isolated guinea pig ileum preparation
3.7.2. Carrageenan-induced leucocytosis in rats (Adaptogenic
activity)
3.7.3 Haloperidol-induced catalepsy
3.7.4. Passive paw anaphylaxis in rats (Antiallergic
activity)
3.7.5. Carrageenan induced rat paw edema (Anti-inflammatory
studies)
3.8 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Calotropis procera
3.8.1 Test for carbohydrates
3.8.2 Test for flavonoids
3.8.3 Test for cardiac glycosides
3.8.4 Test for cyanogenic glycosides
3.8.5 Test for saponins
3.8.6 Test for tannins
3.8.7 Test for steroids and terpenoids
3.8.8 Test for alkaloids
3.8.9 Test for anthraquinones and their derivatives
3.9 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.0 Results
4.1 Percentage Yield
4.2 Chemical Constituents of Roots of Calotropis procera
4.3 Median Lethal Dose (LD50) of the Extracts
4.4 Antiasthmatic Studies
4.4.1 Histamine-Induced Contractions of Isolated Guinea Pig
Ileum Chain Preparation
4.4.2 Carrageenan Induced Leucocytosis in Rats
4.4.3 Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy in Rats
4.4.4 Carrageenan Induced Rat Paw Edema
4.4.5 Passive Paw Anaphylaxis in Rats
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION
5.1 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCE
ABSTRACT
Asthma, which affects an estimated 300 million people
worldwide, is an incurable health disorder of a major public health concern
globally. The present orthodox therapy for asthma has several drawbacks
including many undesirable side effects and high cost of management (especially
challenging for low-income / developing countries). In a bid to develop a
cheaper and better antiasthmatic agent with less side effects, this study was
carried out to evaluate the effect of aqueous and methanol root extracts of Calotropis
procera used in folkloric medicine as an antiasthmatic plant. The study
involves In-vitro model on isolated guinea pig ileum preparation. In-vivo
models like carageenan-induced leucocytosis in rats, passive paw anaphylaxis,
carrageenan induced rat paw edema and haloperidol induced catalepsy. Median
Lethal Dose (LD50)
determination was conducted using the method as described by Lorke‘s (1983). In
vitro studies on isolated guinea pig ileum preparation was carried out to
investigate for bronchospasmolytic activity of the extracts. Bioassay of
histamine 10 µg/ml in the presence and absence of Calotropis procera extract
10 mg/ml was done. The normalization effects of the extracts were studied
in carrageenan-induced total leucocyte count (TLC) after parenteral
administration of carrageenan. Thirty five (35) Wistar rats were divided into 7
groups, five aminals per group. Group 1 was not given any treatment, but blood
sample was used to establish the reference standard for TLC in rats. Groups 2 –
7, received respectively, distilled water (2 ml/kg), chlorpheniramine maleate
(2 mg/kg), Calotropis procera (100 mg/kg), Calotropis procera,
CP (200 mg/kg), Calotropis procera (100 mg/kg), and Calotropis
procera (200 mg/kg). Immuno-modulatary / antiallergic antiasthmatic
activity of the plant was studied using passive paw anaphylaxis model as
described by Patil (2010). Wistar rats were sensitized subcutaneously with 100
mg fresh egg albumin for 10 days, after which serum was collected. A fresh set
of thirty (30) animals was divided into six (6) groups each containing five
(5) rats. Groups 1 – 6 received distilled water 2 ml/kg, dexamethasone 0.27
mg/kg, CP 250 mg/kg aqueous extract, CP 350 mg/kg aqueous extract, CP 250 mg/kg
methanol extract and CP 350 mg/kg methanol extract orally respectively.
Anti-inflammatory antiasthmatic activity of CP was studied using carrageenan
induced rat paw edema model as described by Anita and Babita (2008). Dopaminergic
and/or adrenergic antiasthmatic study was carried out using haloperidol-induced
catalepsy on wistar rats as described by Patil (2010). Preliminary
phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out as described by Trease
and Evans. Extraction of powdered plant gave yields of 15.64% w/w
and 13.76%w/w
methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. Oral LD50
in Wistar rats for both aqueous and methanol CP extracts were found to be
>5,000 mg/kg. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts inhibited histamine
induced contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum (p˂0.001), carrageenan-induced
leucocytosis (p˂0.05), egg albumin-induced passive paw anaphylaxis (0.05) and
carrageenan induced rat paw edema (p˂0.05). However, only methanolic extract
inhibited haloperidol-induced catalepsy in wistar rats (p˂0.05). Hence it is
concluded that both aqueous and methanolic extracts possess antiasthmatic
activity that may be responsible for the antiasthmatic activity and may have
potential role in the treatment of asthma.
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