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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations/Symbols
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Chemistry and Development of Finished Leathers
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Research Aim and Objectives
1.3.1 Objectives
1.4 Justification
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Experimental equipments
3.1.2 Finishing consumables
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Viscosity measurement of the resin binder
3.2.2 Melting point determination of the resin binder
3.2.3 Preparation of leather substrate
3.2.4 Preparation of the finish formulations
3.2.5 Application of the finish formulations on the prepared
leather substrate
3.2.6 Water vapour permeability test
3.2.7 Lastometer test
3.2.8 Shore A (o) hardness test
3.2.9 Wet rub fastness test
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1. Examination of Resin Binder
4.1.1 Viscosity and molecular weight measurement of the resin
4.2 Physical Testing of the Finished Leather
4.2.1 Water vapour permeability of leather
4.2.2 Distension and bursting strength
4.2.3 Shore A (o) hardness of finished leather and melting
point of binder
4.2.4 Wet rub fastness
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Abstract
The effect of acrylic polymer dispersions on the water
vapour permeability and some other properties of finished leathers have been
studied. An acrylic based commercial binder AE 558 Nycil has been characterized
and its effect when applied in a finish formulation on some of the physical
properties of originally retanned leathers was investigated. The binder was
found to have an intrinsic viscosity of 227 dL/g, and a viscosity molecular
weight (Mv) of 4.03x105.
This was obtained by conducting a solution viscosity measurement of the solid
polymer in toluene at 25 oC.
The melting temperature of the solid binder has been found to be in the range
361.7 oC - 370 oC.
The results of these physical properties suggest that this is a very high
molecular weight polymer with high thermal stability. Formulations for leather
finishing was prepared containing the binder at varied proportions of 125 g,
150 g, 175 g, 200 g and 250 g and was applied on the leather substrates
corresponding to samples A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5 respectively. Tests on some of
the physical properties of these coated samples were conducted. The water
vapour permeability of the originally retanned (uncoated) leathers was reduced
significantly after the finish was applied. A1 has the lowest permeability at
125 g of the binder in the formulation, while A5 has the highest permeability
at 250 g of the binder in the formulation. Generally, the water vapour
permeability of the coated leathers increases as the factor varied in this
experiment was increased. A3 had the highest Shore A value at 175 g of the
binder in the formulation while A5 has the lowest Shore A value at 250 g of the
binder in the formulation. Distension and Bursting strength of the uncoated
leathers was improved after the leathers were coated. However, there was no
particular trend in effect as the quantity of the binder in the finish
formulation increased. The fastness of the coated samples generally increased
as the quantity of the binder in the finish formulations was increased with
sample A5 having the best resistance to wet rub action.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Acrylics are esters of acrylic acids, which are the products
formed by the reaction of an acrylic acid and alcohol. The esters of acrylic
acid polymerise readily to form exceptionally clear plastics. These are widely
used in applications requiring clear durable surfaces, e.g. in the aircraft and
automobile industries. In more common use are surface coatings involving
acrylics. The physical properties of acrylics (such as gloss, hardness,
adhesion and flexibility) can be modified by altering the composition of the
monomer mixture used in the polymerisation process. Acrylics are used in a wide
range of industries, and the list below is simply a selection of some of the
more common examples: Adhesives, textile industry (e.g. making sponge fill used
in padded
jackets), paper
coatings, paint industry particularly in paints used for road markings.
The polymerisation process proceeds readily in the presence
of catalysts and may be carried out in any one of four different ways:
emulsion, bulk, solution or in suspension.
Emulsion polymerisation occurs in a water/monomer emulsion
using a water-soluble catalyst. Emulsion polymerisation is the main process
used in the production of acrylic polymers.
Bulk polymerisation is carried out in the absence of any
solvent. The catalyst is mixed in with the monomer and the polymerisation is
then left to occur with time. This is the method commonly used to manufacture
acrylic sheets.
Solution polymerisation is carried out in a solvent in which
both the monomer and subsequent polymer are soluble. Only low molecular weight
polymers can be manufactured by this process, as high molecular weight polymers
cause very high viscosities.
Suspension polymerisation is carried out in the presence of
a solvent usually water, in which the monomer is insoluble, and in which it is
suspended by agitation. To prevent the droplets of.....
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