Abstract
The cyanide Levels in two cassava varieties and some derived products was investigated. The study was conducted on fresh tubers by, sampling in three longitudinal positions (1/4: ½: ¾) and four radials (A, B, C and D). In addition the sampling of derived products was carried out by product types (chip dried, Garri and flour). Cyanide Contents were determined. Results showed that whatever the variety considered, there was no significant difference between the total HCN content in cassava slices (1/4; ½ ; ¾ ). Similarly, results from different layers did not highlight radial variability of the total HCN content. The variable cyanide content (MgHCN/kg fresh material) in cassava varieties showed:104.3 ±3.9;171.6±5.4 for Kombo and Nwangbisi respectively. The detoxification processes (gari and flour) indicated a reduction rate in excess of 80% and may be effective to reduce cyanide content in cassava root down to a tolerable level (< 50mgh/kg).
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is an extensively cultivated tuber crop and a staple food for millions of people in the tropical regions of Africa, Latin America and Asia. Globally, in terms of annual production, it is the fifth most important food crop after maize, rice, wheat and potato. Despite all the usefulness of cassava, its use as a food source is limited by its perishability, its low protein content and its potential toxicity. Cassava contains two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and a small amount of Lotaustralin, which are catalytically hydrolyzed to release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when tine plant tissue is crushed. Several varieties of cassava have been identified and grouped into bitter and sweet depending on the quantity of Linamarin in the tuber. The consumption of cassava and its derived products which contain Large amounts of HCN may be responsible for such visible manifestations as goiter and cretinism, tropical ataxic neuropathy,(Bradbury, 2004).
In some countries such as cote d’ivoire, Benin and Nigeria, people have quickly recognized the need to transform cassava into derived products (fufu, Garri, Tapioca) whose gain is usually higher than the fresh roots. The processing methods used traditionally are sun drying, soaking and fermentation followed by cooking. These processing methods could lead to reduce the cyanide content in cassava products to improve its palatability and convert it into a storable form, Ernesto et al, (1998).
The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of cyanide in three cassava varieties and assess some cassava detoxification processes.
1.2 Statement of The Problem.
Liberation of hydrogen HCN and cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) usually occurs after mastication and ingestion and arises from enzymatic degradation of the Latter to produce HCN. Resulting in acute or chronic cyanide poisoning.
Problems associated with chronic exposure to food containing cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) have been linked to several diseases primarily affecting the central nervous system. Tropical ataxic neuropathy (TAN) describes several neurological symptoms affecting the mouth. Goitre and cretinism attributed to iodine deficiency can be exacerbated by chronic consumption of inadequately processed cassava. Cyanogenic glycoside are converted to thiocyanate during the detoxification process, which reacts with iodine which is subsequently unavailable to the thyroid, increasing the dietary requirement for iondine these statement prompted the need for a project work on the determination of the amount of Hydrogen cyanide present in cassava which can cause/Lead to poisoning of the system.
1.3 Hypothesis
Cassava contains levels of cyanogenic glycosides which are above the acceptable standard of the World Health Organization.
1.3 Aim
The aim of this study is to determine the cyanide (HCN) concentration in various cassava roots and cassava products sold in some selected markets.
1.4 Objectives
i. To determine the cyanide concentrations in the cassava root specifically the cortex (peel) and the parenchyma.
ii. To determine the cyanide concentration of various processed cassava products such as garri and cassava dough from some selected markets.
iii. To compare the concentration of cyanide in the cortex and parenchyma of the cassava root.
1.5 Significance of The Study
The result of the project work would reveal hydrogen cyanide (HCN) of cassava. The result would equally reveal if the hydrogen cyanide of cassava was high or low and if the cyanides were poisonous or toxic. And the if the cyanide content is high, then proper detoxification, fermentation and cooking should be encouraged during cassava processing or the consumption of cassava products should be discouraged because of the posionous and toxic effects of hydrogen cyanide in the living system.
1.6 Limitations of The Study
The project work is Limited to the Determination of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in cassava associated with its toxicity. I had a hardicarp in carrying out this project due to low financial status, on my part as a student. The cost of the chemicals for the analysis and some other materials was high, thus limiting the number of sample run for the project work.
1.5 Scope and limitations
i. This study covers only some selected markets within the metropolis and this information may not represent data for a large geographical location.
ii. The sweet variety cassava will be the only one to be considered for study purposes.
iii. The cyanide concentration obtained through the titrimetric method may account for only ‘‘titratable’’ cyanide but not free cyanide present in the samples.
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