ABSTRACTS
The quality assessment of borehole and well waters from
ten locations in Enugu urban area were studied and compared with World Health
Organisation standards. The parameters measured include temperature, color, pH,
electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness,
total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, alkalinity,
chloride, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, iron, and
total coliform. Langelier Saturation and Ryznar Stability Indices were also
calculated for some of these parameters. The results obtained at daily
intervals were plotted and they showed pollution of seven of the boreholes.
Concentrations of Cadmium were high above the limit in six of the boreholes
while concentrations of lead and phosphates were high in only two of the
boreholes, with respect to the WHO permissible limits for potable water. All
the waters show presence of coliform and corrosion potentials. Consequently,
these ground waters in this study require treatment before they will be good
for human consumption.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The use of water by man is as old
as the existence of human beings since water, which is a natural resource, is
indispensable to life.
Water is a common chemical
substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. It is
used in vast quantities for drinking purposes, and even in greater quantities
for washing, bleaching, dyeing, cooling, raising steam to drive engines or
turbines to generate electricity and in other industrial processes far too
numerous to mention [1,2].
As a result of industrialisation
and urbanisation, people migrate to townships and the population in these
cities become too high; so is the need for water. Although surface water such
as lakes, rivers, streams and springs are easily accessible, there is a great
quest for people to drill borehole ground waters which are thought to be of
better quality[3]. It is pertinent to observe that there are several human activities, which
have indirect and devastating effects on ground water quality. Such activities
include accidental or unauthorized release of chemical substances, discharge of
untreated effluents, leaching of noxious liquids from solid waste deposits,
surface runoff, untreated sewage, from population around the area [4,5]. This
is because these pollutants or contaminants are carried by water and water
moves easily through the soil and underlying rocks. This occurs particularly
where the soil is sandy, gravelley or shallow or over porous limestone bedrock
[6].
It is therefore the concern of
scientists to ensure that the supply of water is maintained at sufficient
purity for the masses to use. All the water from the borehole to the
consumption level ought to meet the standards laid down by World Health
Organization for drinking water to make the water potable. Substandard water
samples can lead to diseases such as typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera and
other types of gastrointestinal disturbances[7].For drinking
water to be safe, the concentration of undesirable substances should not exceed
the levels established by World Health Organization[8] as shown......
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