ABSTRACT
Municipal solid
wastes re-use and recycling have multiple socioeconomic and environmental benefits that have not
been adequately examined in Zaria, Kaduna
State, Nigeria. The objectives of this research are to:
examine the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of waste management
entrepreneurs; identify the sources and destinations of recyclable municipal
solid waste; analyse the quantity of waste materials (metal scraps, plastics
and cans) recovered, reused and transported for recycling; identify the type of
uses recyclable materials are put into in the study area; and examine the socioeconomic
benefit of waste re-use and recycling. A total of 252 scrap metal/plastic
collectors, scavengers and artisanal recyclers‘ were studied using purposive
and snowball sampling techniques. Tables, percentages, charts and multiple
linear regression techniques were used for the analysis. The results showed
that majority of the waste collectors within the twelve localities of Zaria
were less than 20 years old. Generally, the low educational level of the
respondents indicates that formal educational qualification is not a major
determinant of being an actor in this type of business. Cans and aluminium,
scrap metal, assorted plastics, are the major materials that attract waste
entrepreneurs in Zaria. about 71.8% of waste collectors collect waste from multiple
sources and majority of the waste actors about 61.5% collect less than 100 kg
of valuable waste materials every week. Products produced by artisanal
recyclers from cans and scrap Aluminium includes majorly pots and frying pan. A
relatively high proportion (56.7%) of plastic collectors disposes the assorted
plastics to those involved in reuse like, bottling of locally made drinks (Zobo
and Kunu), traditional herbs and honey. The average monthly income for about
43.3% was above N16, 000. 00 which is quite better compared with the
Nigerian minimum wage standard. Also all the
respondents claimed that no harmful solid
substances were released into the environment as a result of artisanal
recycling activity. Further, about 30% of waste management entrepreneurs are
employers of labour, with 13.5% having more than 6 employees. The multiple
regression analysis revealed that the number of people employed in waste
business and quantity of waste collected have significant impact on their
income with coefficients of 0.343 and 0.360 respectively, while the coefficient
of multiple determination (R2) indicate a total variation of 42.5%
at 5% level of significance. However, challenges militating against waste
recycling in Zaria include lack of a functional recycling plant; price
fluctuation and the cost of conveying recyclables to recycling plants outside
the study area among others.
It is concluded that municipal solid waste re-use and
recycling activities contribute more to waste management than the government
owned agencies in the study area. Their activities in sustainable waste
management should be incorporated into the state environmental protection
agency institutional framework.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Statement of the research problem
1.3 Study aim and objectives
1.4 Justification for the study
1.5 Scope and delimitation of the study
CHAPTER TWO:
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual issues
2.1.1 Scavenging
2.1.2 Re-use
2.1.3 Recycling
2.2 Conceptual framework
2.3 Literature review
2.3.1 Waste management
2.3.2 Scavenging activities
2.3.3 Recycling activities
2.3.4 Re-use activities
2.3.5 Laws/regulations on solid waste management in Nigeria
2.3.6 Waste management practices
2.3.7 Integrated solid waste management approach
2.3.8 Benefits from ISWM
2.3.9 Constraints to effective ISWM
2.3.10 Sustainable waste
management
CHAPTER THREE:
THE STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Background of the study
area
3.1.1 Location
3.1.2 The physical features of Zaria
3.1.2.1 Weather and climate
3.1.2.2 Geology of Zaria
3.1.2.3 Drainage System
3.1.2.4 Soil
3.1.2.5 Vegetation
3.1.3 Population
3.1.4 Urban structure of Zaria
3.1.5 Socio-cultural and economic characteristics
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Types of data required
3.2.2 Sources of data
3.2.2.1 Primary source of
data
3.2.2.2 Secondary source of
data
3.2.3 Sampling technique and sample size
3.2.4 Techniques of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR:
PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Socio-economic and
Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.1.1 Age of respondents
4.1.2 Sex of respondents
4.1.3 Religion of respondents
4.1.4 Ethnic group of respondents
4.1.5 Educational qualification of respondents
4.1.6 Marital status of respondents
4.2 Waste collection, reuse and recycling
4.2.1 Sources of waste
4.2.2 Volume and Characteristics of Waste materials collected
4.2.3 Destinations of retrieved waste materials
4.2.4 Quantity of waste materials collected weekly by respondents
4.2.5 Artisanal recyclers among respondents
4.2.6 Assorted plastic collection and its utilization
4.2.7 Plastic bottle collections and reuse activities
4.3 Socio-economic benefit of waste management to WMEs
4.3.1 Income of respondents
4.3.2 Cost of assorted waste materials
4.3.3 Cost of a dozen of assorted plastics
4.3.4 Cost of conveying assorted waste materials
4.3.5 Cost of 1 tonne of waste material in recycling industries
4.3.6 Waste management enterprises and job creation
4.4 Challenges in waste management activities
4.5 Waste management and the state of the environment
4.5.1 Awareness of environmental benefit of waste management and
theenvironment among respondents
4.5.2 Knowledge of waste as a threat to the environment
4.5.3 Multiple linear regression analysis of benefits from waste
management activities
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.3.1 Specific Recommendations
5.3.2 The institutional framework for waste management in Zaria
References
Appendix
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO
THE STUDY
The term ‗waste‘ has a
different meaning for different people. In general, waste is ‗unwanted‘ for the
person who discards it; a product or material that does not have a value
anymore for the first user and is therefore thrown away. But ‗unwanted‘ is
subjective and the waste could have value for another person in a different
circumstance, or even in a different culture (Van de Klundert and Justine,
2001). There are many large industries that operate primarily or exclusively
using waste materials such as paper and metals as their industrial raw
materials. In the context of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM), waste is
regarded both as valueless and as a useful material providing a potential
source of income. This real value of waste in many low-and middle-income
countries (developing countries) is confirmed by the huge informal sector that
lives on waste collection and recovery (Van de Klundert and Justine, 2001).
Waste, either in solid or
liquid form is being produced since the dawn of human existence and it is not
excessive to say, waste is the first thing generated before people are able to
contribute to the betterment of lives. Due to social and environmental
consequences, waste reuse, recycle and recovery have become essentials in
minimizing the environmental damage that could occur through indiscriminate
waste disposal (Sivapalan, Mohamad, Mohamad, and Muhd-Noor, 2005).
Davies (2008) notes that ―what
some people consider to be waste materials or substances are considered a
source of value by others‖ This relative attribute of waste can be compared
with the concept of ‗resource‘ which has also been defined as material that has
use-value and ―a reflection of human appraisal‖ (Jones and Hollier, 1977). Just
as a material becomes a resource when it gains use-value, it also becomes waste
when it loses its use-value. Like resources, waste
Waste reuse and recycling as an
alternative management option for waste is now recognized as an important
approach to solving waste problem both in developed and developing world.
Resource recovery from dumped consumer products is growing in significance, as
waste is increasingly seen as a valuable resource. As human beings continuously
realized that resources are finite, efficient use of resources and resources
recovery from wastes are vital for global environmental sustainability (Zaman
and Lehmann, 2011).
Developed countries generally
rely on land filling to overcome the problem of waste accumulation (Girling,
2005; Pacione, 2005). The landfill seems to have a special attraction for
municipal waste managers because it offers a cheap and convenient option for
waste disposal compared with other strategies such as reuse, recycling and
energy recovery (Charzan, 2002). In fact, with the exception of few countries
like Austria, the Netherlands and Denmark who recycle substantial proportions
of their waste, most countries in Europe and North America still dump the bulk
of their municipal solid waste in landfills (OECD, 2002; Girling, 2005). For
instance, In May, 2008, the inadequacy of waste disposal land created mayhem in
the Italian city of Naples when the streets became laden with waste, blocking
traffic and causing nuisance and hazards (Anthony, 2009). The European
Commission's thematic strategy on the prevention and recycling of waste
(European Union, 2005) called for life-cycle thinking in waste policies and
moving towards a recycling society. This has in turn highlighted the
opportunities for improved coherence between policies on waste and those on
climate change and resource efficiency (European Environment Agency (EEA),
2011).
Recent studies in Africa have
shown that the problem of waste management has become intractable and threatens
to undermine the efforts of most city authorities. Kirondi (1999) observed that
the city environment in most developing countries is characterized by heaps of
garbage, overflowing waste containers, chocked drains, clogged streams and
stinking gutters. Hardoy, Mitlin and Satterthwaite (2001) have, therefore,
aptly described the Third World urban environment as among the most health and
life threatening of all human environments. Scavenging has become a major
feature of waste management in many cities in developing countries.
Scavenging is now regarded as a
means to reduce the amount of solid waste to be disposed and help to save the
natural resources that leads to sustainable development (Muktar, 2011). It
creates jobs and extra income for people especially the poor. Scavenging makes
people to sort out materials from wastes in exchange for money and supplies raw
materials for recycling enterprises. Nigerian Environmental Study Action Team
(NEST) (1991) revealed that; the present harsh economic condition in the
country has led to the emergence of interest in waste recycling. It is now
quite common to see scavengers at work on most waste disposal sites salvaging
all items they believe to be salvageable, usable as they are or in demand as
industrial raw materials. Examples include; unbroken bottles, rusty pots and
pans, broken metal chair legs, leaking plastic containers, old car tyres and
plastic shoes, clothes, buttons, and zip fasteners, as well as milk tins, among
others. Despite the obvious health hazards which scavenging poses to both the
scavengers and their customers, it must be admitted that it is helping the
society to cope with solid waste disposal problem......
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