ABSTRACT
Vesico Vaginal Fistula is an abnormal communication between
the urinary bladder and the vagina that result into constant involuntary
discharge of urine into the vagina. This research work evaluated the influence
of media campaigns on Vesico Vaginal Fistula prevention and control in North
West Nigeria. In executing this study the researcher used explanatory mixed
research method. Australian National Statistical Services (NSS) online
calculator was used to draw a manageable sample size of 428 from the entire
population of North Western Nigeria (35, 786, 944). Three measuring instrument:
questionnaire, interview and observation were used to generate both qualitative
and quantitative data. Five research questions were raised and findings
revealed that respondents are exposed to VVF campaigns in the region. However,
the level of exposure seem to be relatively high. It was equally found out that
the knowledge level of the people of North West Nigeria on VVF is high. From
the study it was also found that radio and seminar /workshop forms the major
sources of information to the people. The challenges associated with the use of
the media in campaigns against VVF were as well discovered to include:
language, frequency of the awareness campaigns and boring awareness progammes.
The level of the influence of the campaigns on VVF prevention and control is
moderately high. Based on the findings the study recommends that the campaigns
planners should ensure they use local languages during the campaigns, skilled
counselors should be used during the seminars, the awareness campaign should
inform the people on the consequences of early marriage.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
Page
Table
of Content
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the study
1.2
Statement of the Research Problem
1.3
Objectives of the Study
1.4
Research Questions
1.5
Significance of the Study
1.6
Scope of the Study
1.7
Operational Definition of Terms
References
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0
Focus of the Review
2.1
An Overview of Vesico Vaginal Fistula
2.2
Causes of Vesico Vaginal Fistula
2.3
Psycho-Social Consequences of VVF on its Victim
2.4
Empirical Studies
2.5
Theoretical Frame work
References
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design
3.2
Population of the Study
3.3
Sample Size
3.5
Measuring Instruments
3.6
Validity and Reliability of Measuring Instrument
3.7
Methods of Data Presentation and Analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
4.1
Data Presentation and Analysis
4.2
Discussion of Findings
References
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
Summary
5.2
Conclusion
5.3
Recommendations
Biography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF) is
a sub type of Obstetric Fistula. It is an abnormal disorder that occurs between
the urinary bladder and the vagina. This can lead to constant/involuntary
discharge of urine into the vagina. It is associated with women alone; and can
be caused by severe birth morbidity resulting from prolonged labour (Obstetric
Fistula), severe sexual violence (Traumatic Fistula) or surgical errors
(Iatrogenic Fistula).This disorder in the urinary track causes deterioration in
the tissues between the vagina and the bladder or rectum. This deterioration
subjects women to great discomfort, pains and embarrasses women in the control
of their urine or faeces. However, while some women find support/help from
families and friends, many others suffer from social isolation and most of
these women are the impoverished members of the society (USAID, 2003, p. 1).
In addition to this, the report
of the National Foundation on Vesico- Vagina Fistulae (2003,p.19) enumerates
major causes of VVF in Nigeria which includes, prolonged labour due to
cephalopelvic disproportion, the pelvic of the teenage not being fully
developed as at pregnancy, making the pelvis often two small for the baby.
Prolonged labour of the baby’s head against the back of the pelvic bone produces
ischemic necrosis of the intervening soft tissues (Andrew, 2011, p.13).
Early marriage is also, one of
the major causes of VVF. Most of the Vesico Vaginal Fistula patients in
Northern Nigeria had early marriages, 93.6% of Sokoto patients were married
before or at 18years of age and 81.5% of Kano patients and 52% of Maiduguri
fistula patients got married by 15years of age (Benjamin, 2010, p.294). It must
also be noted that early marriage notwithstanding, it is not the only
socio-cultural practices that leads to VVF. Female Genital Mutilations is a
twin sister which is practiced everywhere in North Western Nigeria. The
insertion of various herbs and medication for traditional treatment of various
conditions such as, Dysperunia, Infertility, Congenital Vaginal Septum, Vaginal
Infections, Amenorrhea, Vaginal discharge and to procure abortion. However, the
preparation rather than the content of the herb damages the wall of the vagina
(Lawson, 1998, p.15).
The physical, psychological and
social consequences of this disorder are enormous. Robertson (1957, p.7)
pointed out that, the misery of this condition has one of the most frightful
affliction of human kind, “ hour by hour, night and day the leakage wet,
excoriate and hurts the victim of this misfortune. Clothes are ruined, the bed
becomes a night mare, sexual intercourse stops, a pariah is made and the family
house is an outcast”. National foundation on Vesico Vaginal Fistula (2003.p.10)
Globally, over two million
women are estimated to be living with VVF and majority of them are in
Sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia. The Fistula in West
Africa ranges between 1-4 /1,000 deliveries. An annual
obstetric fistula incidence is estimated at 2:11 per 1000 birth (Benjamin,
2010, p. 294).
In 2008, Nigeria Demographic
and Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that, Nigeria has about 545/100,000 maternal
morbidity ratio, thereby contributing about 10% of the global burden.
Similarly, majority of delivery occurs at home, while births attended by
skilled Birth Attendants are estimated to be only 39% with very low
contraceptives utilization rate (NDHS, 2008, p. 32).
In a recent report by the
United Nation Population Fund Agency (2010, p. 22), it notes that, VVF and
maternal death are immensely associated with complications related to
pregnancies, and childbirth, and this has continued to pose a threat to women.
The prevalence in Nigeria ranges from 100,000 to 1,000,000 cases, while the
incidence is recently estimated at 20,000 cases per annum (UNPFA, 2010, p. 23).
However, it is evident that Vesico Vagina Fistula is rampart in the Northern
part of Nigeria due to several prevailing social-cultural factors such as,
early marriage /pregnancies and low status of woman coupled with poor access
and utilization of antenatal services (UNPFA, 2010, p. 23).
The Federal Government of
Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Health (FMH) in conjunction with United
Nation Population Fund Agency (UNFPA) recognized that Vesico Vagina Fistula
cannot be addressed in isolation but as part of an integrated effort to improve
sexual and reproductive health, including the aim of reducing maternal
mortality and morbidity and as such, National Strategic Frame Work for
Eradication of fistula in Nigeria was developed to ensure a......
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