ABSTRACT
The
fungitoxic properties of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta
indica and Ocimum gratissimum used for the control of post-harvest
fungal diseases of Solanum melongena were tested in vitro with
benlate serving as the standard fungicide and water as the bank control.
Three fungal species, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani and Mucor
ramosissimus were isolated from diseased S. melongena fruits kept
at room temperature on laboratory tops for10 days. The fruits started
showing signs of decay after 4 days of exposure. Growth on the fruits at the
sites of the rot suggested the presence of fungal pathogens. Isolation and
culturing of these pathogens gave the identified species as the causal agents.
Pathogenicity test confirmed them as the causal organisms of the fruit rot. The
three pathogens were treated with both ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of the
two plants at concentrations ranging from 25 to 100% and benlate at
concentrations between 2.5 and 10.0%. Various concentrations of the extracts
were added to prepared Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The pathogens were
inoculated separately into the PDA media and were incubated for eight days.
Fungitoxic effects of these extracts on the mycelial growth of the pathogens
were significant at P ≤ 0.05 for all treatments. The three pathogens were
completely inhibited by the two plant extracts for both the aqueous and
ethanolic extracts at 100% concentration. With respect to ethanolic extract, O.
gratissimum was more efficient than A indica, but the reverse was
the case with aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts were generally more
effective than the aqueous extracts. Ethanolic leaf extract of O.
gratissimum may be used to effectively control post-harvest fungal diseases
of S. melongena.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Plates
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives of the Research
1.2 Statement of the Problem
CHAPTER TWO:
Literature Review
2.1 Botany of Neem Plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss)
2.2 Phytochemicals of neem plants
2.3 Botany of Scent Plant (Ocimum gratissimum) L.
2.4 Phytochemicals compositions and economic uses of O.
gratissimum
2.3 Benlate (Fungicide)
CHAPTER THREE: Materials and Methods
3.1 Source of Materials
3.2 Sterilization
3.3 Method of Extraction
3.4 Preparation of Culture Media
3.5 Isolation of Fungal Isolates
3.6 Identification of Fungal Isolates
3.7 Pathogenicity Test
3.8 Determination of Percentage Frequency of Fungal Occurrence
3.9 Disease Severity Rating
3.10 Measurement of Radial Growth of Isolates in the Growth Media
3.11 Mycelial inhibition
3.12 Experimental Design
3.13 Statistical Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR:
Results
4.1 Characteristics of Fungal Isolates
4.2 Percentage Frequency of Fungal Occurrence
4.3 Disease Severity Rating
4.4 Effects
of Azadirachta Indica Extracts and Benlate Solutions on Pathogens at Various
Contrations
CHAPTER FIVE:
Discussion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Garden egg (Solanum melongena
Linn) of the family Solanaceae (Obeng-Ofori et al., 2007) is a kind of
fruit that is very important for man; as food, supplying some major nutrients,
and as a source of bioactive ingredients militating against some diseases like
diabetes mellitus and liver problems. It is also used for many other purposes
among which are to achieve weight control within a short period, eliminate
unnecessary salts in maintaining proper functioning of the heart, reduce the
sugar content level in diabetics because of its low calorie and high fibre
contents and reduce blood cholesterol (Aliyu, 2006). However, the damage caused
by pests and microbes often constitute a great impediment to biomass
productivity of this plant. It is for example susceptible to fungal diseases
caused by Phytophthora nicotianea, var. parasitica and if the
fruit touches the ground, Corticium rolfsii will cause an infection
(Obeng-Ofori et al., 2007). This has stimulated the search for suitable
control strategies against the disease.
Garden egg (Solanum
melongena Linn) is commonly referred to as “igba” or”ikan” among the
Yoruba, “yalo” among the Hausa and “aňara” in Igbo language. It is a fruit
native to India. Today, it is cultivated in many parts of the warmer regions of
the world, Africa inclusive. The fruit is often shaped like an egg hence the
name garden egg and comes in different colours like green, white, grey or a
combination of these colours (Osei et al., 2010). It tastes from bland
to sweet or slightly bitter. The over ripped ones are used to make stew, and
the stew made with garden egg is palatable. The fruits and leaves are used as
vegetables, while the fruits serve as ‘kola’ in ceremonies.
Nutritionally,
the fruit when mature for consumption contains 92.7% water, 4% carbohydrates,
1.4% proteins, 1.3% fibre, 0.3% fats, 0.3% minerals and is rich in vitamins A
and B. It was reported by Shukla and Naik (1993) that on the average, the
oblong-fruit
Many
fruits and vegetables are perishable especially in tropical and subtropical
regions without adequate refrigeration. The magnitude of post-harvest losses in
fresh fruits and vegetables is estimated at 25.8% (Thirupathi et al.,
2006). Most of the product is lost after the harvest because of inadequate
handling and preservation methods. People in developing countries often cannot
afford the use of cold storage facilities, which may be because of lack of
capital or lack of technical knowledge by small scale growers and retailers in
these areas (Thirupathi et al., 2006). Fungi are the most important and
prevalent pathogens infecting a wide range of host plants, causing damage to
the fresh fruits and vegetables during storage and transportation and
subsequently economic loss. Various strategies that have been used to control
the pathogens include the use of chemical and biological agents. Some notable
synthetic chemicals have been developed and used to control these diseases.
However, they have been reported to be toxic to both plants and mammals
(Chaturvedi et al., 2003), and they are expensive to peasants and
subsistent farmers......
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