ABSTRACT
The
genetic variability among ten (10) accessions of Sphenostylis stenocarpa
from three states and National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology
Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed using sodium dodecyl
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS - PAGE). There were variations in the
banding patterns of the accessions and polymorphism was also observed. Twelve
polypeptide bands were obtained ranging from 9KDA to 219KDa. The Unweighted
Pair Group Method with Mean Algorithm (UPGMA) dendrogram grouped the ten
accessions into two clusters and six groups. Some accessions appeared in the
same group, while others were observed to be in different groups. The proximate
and nutritional analysis also detected variations. A strong and positive
correlation was observed among some of the attributes studied. The principal
component analysis also showed some variation among the accessions. The highest
variability was observed in the ash content which shows that ash content could
be a major indicator for nutritional variability in these 10 accessions
followed by the Vitamin B2 in the second component.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title
page
Table
of contents
List
of plates
List
of figures
List
of tables
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1. SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE – POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
(SDS-PAGE)
3.1.1.
Protein extraction
3.1.2 Preparation of gel
3.1.3 Loading the electrophoresis tank
3.1.4. Loading the samples
3.1.5 Staining the gel
3.1.6 Destaining
3.1.7 Gel documentation and analysis
3.2. NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS
3.2.1.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS
3.2.1.1.Determination of crude
protein content
3.2.1.2 Determination of
carbohydrate content
3.2.1.3 Determination of crude fat
content
3.2.1.4.Determination of crude fiber
content
3.2.1.5 Determination of ash content
3.2.1.6 Determination of moisture
content
3.3.1 MINERALS AND VITAMIN ANALYSIS
3.3.1.1.Determination of Vitamin A
3.3.1.2.Determination of Vitamin B
3.3.1.3 Determination of Vitamin C
3.3.1.4 Determination of Zinc
3.3.1.5 Determination of Lead
3.3.1.6 Determination of Iron
3.4. DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1. Evaluation of Genetic variability
4.2. Nutritional Variability
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
African Yam Bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis
stenocarpa Ex. A. Rich, Harms) is an underutilized food leguminous crop of
the family Fabaceae, sub family Papilionoideae (Azeke et al., 2005;
Moyib et al., 2008). The domestication, cultivation and distribution of
the crop are very evident in the tropics and Africa where it had been reported
to exhibit very high diversity (Okpara et al., 1997). The distribution
of the crop according to Genetic Resources Information Network (GRIN), (2009),
includes the following countries within the tropical regions of Africa: Chad
and Ethiopia (Northeast tropical Africa); Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda (East
tropical Africa); Burundi, Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of
Congo (Central tropical Africa); Cote d’voire, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Niger,
Nigeria and Togo (West tropical Africa) etc.
Nigeria is very significant in
AYB production where extensive cultivation had been reported in the Eastern,
Western and Southern areas of Nigeria (Saka et al., 2004). AYB thrives
in weathered soils where the rainfall can be extremely high. It grows well even
in acidic and highly leached sandy soil of the humid low land tropics (Uguru et
al., 2001).
The
plant is an annual, with climbing, vine-like stems that require staking; the
stem is often reddish in colour. In Nigeria, it is usually grown in association
with yams, maize, cassava, etc., so that the same stake of the yam serves as
support for both crops. It is cultivated mainly for home consumption and only
about 30%
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