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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Abstract
Table of contents
1.0 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the study
1.2 Statement
of problem
1.3 Aim
and objectives
1.4 Justification
1.5 Scope
2.0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Spillway
types
2.3 Energy
dissipaters
2.3.1 Types of stepped spillways
2.3.2 Suitability
2.3.3 Physical modelling of stepped
spillway
2.4 Basic
flow patterns and flow regimes
2.4.1 Napped flow regime
2.4.2 Transition flow regime
2.4.3 Skimming flow regime
2.5 Prediction
of flow
2.6 Energy
dissipation
3.0 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials
3.2.1 Description of Equipment used
in the Study (flume)
3.2.2 Stop watch
3.2.3 Weighing scale
3.3.1 Experimental set up
3.3.2 Spillway Discharge Equation
3.4 Calculation
of Relative Energy Losses
3.5 Dimensional
analysis of parameters affecting energy dissipation on spillway
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Discharge
measurement
4.2 Measured
flow parameters on the stepped chute models
4.3 Mathematical
equations developed for the flow rate and rate of energy dissipation over the
stepped chute spillway
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendation
5.3 References
5.4 Appendices
ABSTRACT
This research study the rate of energy dissipation losses
taking place in various types of stepped spillway geometries (end sill at all
steps, inclined at all steps, inclined between two steps, end sill between two
steps, combination of inclined and end sill on the stepped spillway starting
with end sill and combination of inclined and end sill on the stepped spillway
starting with inclined ). The models were made from wooden materials each
having a chute angle of 45
, model height of 24cm, step height 4cm and number of steps
6. Variable flow discharges were applied on each model geometry and the
hydraulic parameters were measure and energy dissipation rates were calculated
and compared. The result shows that the effect of steps geometry on energy
dissipation on stepped chute is significant as the ratio of energy losses to
the upstream energy varies from 49% to 70%. The result also indicated that the
energy dissipation rate on model C (inclined between two steps) is highest
among all the test models. Equations were developed for predicting energy
dissipated over the spillway and for calculating the flow rate in stepped
chute. Results of the modelled equation were compared with that of experimental
studied. The percentage difference between between the values predicted by the
modelled equation and that of actual experimental values range 1.10% to 5.12%.
this shows that there is a good agreement between the predicted values and
experimental values.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
Recent advances in technology have led to the construction
of large dams, reservoirs and channels. This progress has necessitated the
provision of adequate flood disposal facilities and safe dissipation of the
energy of the flow, which may be achieved by providing steps on the spillway
face. Stepped Spillways are been used more than 3000 years ago. Stepped
spillway is generally a modification on the downstream face of a standard
profile for an uncontrolled ogee spillway. At some distance in the downstream of
the spillway crest, steps are fitted into the spillway profile such that the
envelope of their tips follows the standard profile down to the toe of the
spillway. A stepped chute design increases higher energy dissipation and thus
reduces greatly the need for a large energy dissipator at the toe of the
spillway or chute
(Thandaveswara,
2005).
A spillway is usually the most important appurtenant
facility to a dam. The function of dam spillway is to provide an efficient and
safe means of conveying flood discharges to the downstream channel. The
spillway design primarily depends on the dam type and location, reservoir size
and operation. Spillways can be classified based on (i)their function (main,
emergency, and auxiliary), (ii) their hydraulic type {free over
fall,overflow,chute,siphon etc.}, and (iii) their mode of control (ungated and
gated). While the number of new dams under construction in the world is
declining, the Number of existing dams that have had to be upgraded to meet
current hydraulic and seismic criteria are increasing. This is especially true
for smaller embankment dams that have been judged to have inadequate spillway
capacity and are unable to....
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