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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study Background
1.2 Statement of
Research Problems
1.3 Justification
of the Study
1.4 Aim of the
Study
1.5 Objectives of
the Study
1.6 Research
Questions
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 The Guinea
Fowl
2.1.1 General
Introduction
2.1.2 Origin and
Distribution
2.1.3 Advantages of
Guinea Fowl over Chickens
2.1.4 Breeds of
Guinea Fowls
2.1.4.1 Pearl variety
2.1.4.2 The
white-breasted variety
2.1.4.3 The lavender
variety
2.1.4.4 The crested and
plumed guinea fowl
2.1.4.5 The plumed
variety
2.1.4.6 The white variety
2.1.4.7 The vulturine
guinea fowl
2.1.5 Production
Systems of Guinea Fowls
2.1.5.1 Extensive (free range) system
2.1.5.2 Semi intensive system
2.1.5.3 Intensive system
2.1.6 Sexing of
Guinea Fowls
2.1.7 Breeding of
Guinea fowls
2.1.8 Egg Production
2.1.8.1 Egg Incubation
2.1.8.1.1 Natural
incubation
2.1.8.1.2 Artificial
incubation
2.1.9 Keets Brooding
2.1.9.1 Natural brooding of keets
2.1.9.2 Artificial brooding
2.1.10 Housing and
Equipment
2.1.10.1 Space
requirement and stocking density
2.1.10.2 Feeder
and drinker requirement
2.1.11 Health Care and Management of Guinea fowls
2.2.1 Ascaridia galli
2.2.1.1 Description of
Ascaridia galli
2.2.1.2 Life cycle of
Ascaridia galli
2.2.1.3 Pathogenicity of
Ascaridia galli infestation
2.2.1.4 Treatment of Ascaridia
galli infestation
2.3 Haematological
Parameters of Guineaa fowls
2.3.1 Packed cell
volume
2.3.2 Haemoglobin
estimation
2.3.3 Total white
blood cell count
2.4 Serum
Biochemical Parameters
2.4.1 Aspartate
aminotransferase
2.4.2 Alanine aminotransferase
2.4.3 Alkaline
phosphatase
2.5 Xylopia
aethiopica
2.5.1 Chemical
composition Xylopia aethiopica
2.5.2 Botanical
background of Xylopia aethiopica
2.5.3 Pharmacological
properties and chemical composition of Xylopia aethiopica
2.5.4 Medicinal uses
of Xylopia aethiopica
2.5.5 Ecology and
methods of cultivation of Xylopia aethiopica
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Source of
Guinea Fowl Keets and Housing
3.2 Source of
Xylopia aethiopica Fruit and Preparation of Extract
3.3 Phytochemical
Analyses of Xylopia Aethiopica aqueous Fruit Extract
3.3.1 Test for
carbohydrates and sugars
3.3.2 Test for
saponins
3.3.3 Test for
steroids
3.3.4 Test for
terpenoids
3.3.5 Test for
cardiac glycosides
3.3.6 Test for
alkaloids
3.3.7 Test for
tannins
3.3.8 Test for
anthraquinones
3.3.9 Test for
flavonoids
3.4 Acute Toxicity
Study of Xylopia aethiopicaaqueous whole fruit extract
3.5 Source of
Infective Eggs of Ascaridia galli
3.6 Experimental
infection of Guinea Fowl Keets
3.7 Experimental
Design and Treatments
3.8 Faecal
Examination
3.9 Determination
of Percentage Deparasitization
3.10 Evaluation of
Haematological Parameters
3.10.1 Collection of
blood
3.10.2 Packed cell
volume
3.10.3 Haemoglobin
concentration
3.11 Evaluation of
Serum Biochemical Parameters
3.11.1 Aspartate
aminotransferase
3.11.2 Alanine
aminotransferase
3.11.3 Alkaline
phosphatase
3.11.4 Serum albumin
3.12 Data Analyses
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Phytochemical
Constituents of Aqueous Xylopia Aethiopicawhole fruits
4.2 Acute Toxicity
of Xylopia Aethiopica
4.3 Changes in
Faecal Egg Per Gram Count
4.4 Worm Count
4.5 Percentage
Deparasitization
4.6 Haematological
Parameters
4.7 Serum
Biochemical Parameters
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION
5.1 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Recommendations
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT
The major control strategy adopted against helminth
parasites in Nigeria is the use of conventional anthelminthics. However, the
high cost of modern anthelminthics has limited their use in rural areas,
coupled with the emergence of resistant strains of pathogenic helminthes. It
was against this background that the desire to search for alternative
additional chemotherapeutic agents that this study was initiated; to evaluate
the effects of Xylopia aethiopica (Xa) whole fruit extract on
anthelminthic efficacy, haematological and biochemical parameters in guinea
fowl keets experimentally infected with Ascaridia galli. One hundred
guinea fowl keets were randomly assigned to five groups (I, II, III, IV and V)
of 20 birds each. Each Keet in groups I, II, III, and IV was inoculated with
700 infective A. galli eggs contained in 0.4 ml normal saline, while
keets in group V were uninfected and untreated. Before administration, toxicity
study was conducted on the Xa fruit extract. At 3 weeks post-infection
and 3 days after first detection of A. galli, keets in groups I
and II were treated with 2,000 mg/litre and 4,000 mg/litre of Xa, respectively,
while those in group III were treated with 1,000mg/litre of piperazine (as
reference standard) for three days. The efficacy of the Xa and
piperazine were determined based on percentage deparasitization (postmortem
worm count). Blood samples were collected through the wing vein of three keets
from each group for haematological and serum biochemical analyses. Packed cell
volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hb)and erythrocyte count were
determined by the microhaematocrit, cyanmethaemoglobin and haemocytometry
methods respectively. Serum biochemical assay was carried out for Alkaline
phosphatase (ALP), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and
total serum albumin (ALB)on samples from all groups. The LD50
of the Xa extract was above 5000 mg/kg. There was significant difference
(p<0 .05="" all="" between="" count="" egg="" gram="" groups="" in="" per="" percentage="" post="" span="" the="" treatment.=""> deparasitization observed in groups I, II and III were
25.5%, 44.4% and 100%, respectively. Increases in PCV and Hb concentration were
observed post-treatment with aqueous extract of Xawhole fruit in A. galli-infected
keets in groups I (38.7 ± 1.25 %) and II (38.2 ± 1.03 %) when compared
to infected/untreated keets in group IV (34.3 ± 3.42 %). Decreases in serum
aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were also
observed post-treatment of keets inA. galli-infected groups I (67.2 ±
7.12 u/l and 3.8 ± 0.37 u/l) and II (74.0 ± 9.13 u/l and 3.6 ± 0.24 u/l) when
compared to the values in infected/untreated keets in group IV (81.6 ± 4.76 u/l
and 4.4 ± 0.87 u/l), respectively.It was concluded that the XAwhole
fruit aqueous extract used in this study has a dose-dependent anthelminthic
effect on A. galli in guinea fowls and was able to reduce the severity
of the effect of A. galli infection on the haematological and serum
biochemical parameters.The use of aqueous extract of Xylopia aethiopica
whole fruits as an anthelmintic remedy especially in rural poultry is
recommended.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Study Background
The guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) is a common
indigenous bird of the African continent. In the northern part of Nigeria,
these birds are kept in most villages and are abundant in the wild. There are
approximately 44 million guinea fowls in captivity in the country, and the
products (meat and eggs) from these birds are well accepted socially (Ayeni and
Ayanda, 1982). According to Mareko et al (2008), guinea fowls originated
in Africa where they still retain many of their original traits.
Parasitic helminths affect animals and man, causing
considerable hardship and stunted growth. Most diseases caused by helminths are
of a chronic, debilitating nature; they probably cause more morbidity and
greater economic and social deprivation among humans(Adang et al.,
2010).
The major control strategy adopted against helminth
parasites in Nigeria is the use of anthelmintics (Ibrahim et al., 1983).
However, the high cost of modern anthelmintics has limited the effective
control of these parasites. In some cases, widespread intensive use of
sometimes low-quality anthelmintics has led to development of resistance and
hence a reduction in the usefulness of available anthelmintics (Waller,
1997a;Monteiro et al., 1998). Although the use of alternate drugs has
also been advocated as a measure to avoid the development of resistant strains
of helminth parasites, and also as a means of reducing the cost of controlling
helminthic diseases (Kelly and Hall, 1979; Okon et al., 1980; Taylor and
Hunt, 1989; Coles and Roush, 1992), the emergence of resistant strains of
pathogenic helminths has stimulated the desire to.....
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