TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives
1.4 Research Hypothesis
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Justification of the Study
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Evidence of the Relationship Between Climatic Conditions and the Occurrence of Diseases
2.3 Climate Change and Infectious Diseases
2.4 Sensitivity of Infectious Disease to Climate
2.4.1 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to temperature
2.4.2 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to precipitation
2.4.3 Sensitivity of infectious diseases to humidity
2.5 Seasonality of infectious diseases
2.5.1 Seasonality of malaria
2.5.2 Seasonality of typhoid
2.5.3 Seasonality of tuberculosis
CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREAANDMETHODOLOGY
3.1 The Study Area
3.1.1 Location and size
3.1.2 Climate
3.1.3 Relief and drainage
3.1.4 Soils and vegetation
3.1.5 Geology
3.1.6 Population
3.1.7 Human activities
3.1.8 Environmental challenges
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Types and sources of data
3.2.2 Sampling technique
3.2.3 Presentation of data
3.2.4 Data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Trends of the Weather Elements in the Study Area
4.2.1 Trend in rainfall distribution (2004-2013)
4.2.2 Trend in temperature distribution (2004-2013)
4.2.3 Trend in the distribution of relative humidity (2004-2013)
4.3 Trends in the Occurrence of the Common Diseases in the Study Area
4.3.1 Trend in the occurrence of malaria (2004-2013)
4.3.2 Trend in the occurrence of typhoid (2004-2013)
4.3.3 Trend in the occurrence of tuberculosis (2004-2013)
4.4 Relationship Betweenthe Various Weather Elements and the Selected Diseases
4.4.1 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of malaria
4.4.2 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of malaria
4.4.3 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of malaria
4.4.4 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of typhoid
4.4.5 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of typhoid
4.4.6 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of typhoid
4.4.7 Relationship between rainfall and the occurrence of tuberculosis
4.4.8 Relationship between temperature and the occurrence of tuberculosis
4.4.9 Relationship between relative humidity and the occurrence of tuberculosis
4.5 Seasonality of the Diseases in Onitsha North Local Government Area
4.5.1 Seasonality of the three diseases in (2004)
4.5.2 Seasonality of the three diseases (2005)
4.5.3 Seasonality of the three diseases (2006)
4.5.4 Seasonality of the three diseases (2007)
4.5.5 Seasonality of the three diseases (2008)
4.5.6 Seasonality of the three diseases (2009)
4.5.7 Seasonality of the three diseases (2010)
4.5.8 Seasonality of the three diseases (2011)
4.5.9 Seasonality of the three diseases (2012)
4.5.10 Seasonality of the three diseases (2013)
4.5.11 Meanannual seasonality of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis (2004-2013)
4.6 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix
ABSTRACT
Human health is affected by weather elements such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind direction and others. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity on the occurrence of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis in Onitsha North LGA, Anambra State, this was achieved through the following objectives; determine the pattern of occurrence of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity, determine the pattern of distribution of cases of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis, determine the pattern of distribution of cases of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis and to determine the seasonality of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis (2004-2013).Records of rainfall, temperature and relative humidity was obtained from Anambra State NIMET office, Awkaand the records of malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis cases from the selected hospitals(2004-2013) were also used to carry out this study. Time series analysis was used to analyze the trends of each of the data collected. Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the occurrenceof the three diseases and the climatic parameters. The seasonal occurrence of the diseases was analyzed by dividing the year into cold dry season, hot dry season and rainy season. The analysisshowed that rainfall, relative humidity and malaria exhibited decreasing trends while temperature, typhoid and tuberculosis exhibited increasing trendswithin the period 2004-2013. The correlation analysis indicated that malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis are influenced differently by the various weather elements. Rainfall showed a significant relationship with malaria with an r value of 0.646 and an insignificant relationship with typhoid and tuberculosis having r values of 0.519 and -0.341 respectively, while temperature showed no significant relationship with any of three diseases with malaria having an r value of - 0.194, typhoid; -0.253 and tuberculosis; -0.102. Relative humidity showed a significant relationship with malaria and typhoidwith r values of 0.852 and 0.807 respectively and an insignificant relationship with tuberculosis with r value of -0.427. The seasonal analysis showed that malaria and typhoid had their highest number of occurrences in the rainy season with 84.87 and 2.46 cases and their lowest in the cold dry season with 76.62 and 1.75 cases relatively, while tuberculosis had its highest number of occurrence in the cold dry season with 16.97 cases and the lowest reported case reported in the rainy season with 11.31 cases. The hypothesis was tested and accepted in the case of tuberculosis and rejected in the case of malaria and typhoid in the study area. It was recommended
that all the three tiers of government should come up with enlightenment programs should be
conducted to educate people on the effect of climate change on the occurrence of diseases; to also provide safe and adequate drinking water for the masses; and provide free mosquito nets for the residents of the area. The people on the other hand should improve on their sanitation in their environment.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Human health is affected by natural environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind direction and others. Weather isthe state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place while climate is the long-term manifestations of weather and other atmospheric conditions in a given area. Disease is an abnormal condition of the body or mind that causes discomfort or dysfunction (English 1.2.2 dictionary, 2011).Global warming which is defined by Oxford Dictionary of Science (2005) as an increase over time of the average air temperature of the earth.
Climate affects health in a number of ways;this was reported by Tong (2002) who performed an ecological time series analysis to examine the ecological association between climate variability and the transmission of Ross River Virus (RRV) diseases between 1985 and 1996 in Queensland. The result indicated that although many factors can affect the RRV transmission cycles, RRV is generally sensitive to climate variability and that rainfall, temperature and tidal level appeared to be important meteorological determinants in the transmission cycles of RRV diseases at macro level. According to Thorpe, Frieden, Laserson, Wells and Khtri(2004);in the pre-antibiotic era, tuberculosis mortality rate was higher in the late winter and early spring than any other time of the year, it was suggested that environmental and social factors such as temperature, humidity, sunlight as well as crowding and person-to-person contacts are a source of tuberculosis seasonality particularly in the winter time. Continuous research into the influence of meteorological parameters on infectious diseases is a veritable......
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