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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Aim and
Objectives
1.4 Justification
1.5 Scope
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical
Development of Gasification
2.3 Biomass
Reserve in Nigeria
2.4 Biomass
Material
2.5 Components of
Biomass
2.5.1 Cellulose
2.5.2 Hemicellulose
2.5.3 Lignin
2.6 Biomass
Characterization
2.6.1 Proximate
analysis
2.6.2 Ultimate
analysis
2.7 Biomass
Heating Value
2.7.1 Higher heating
value
2.7.2 Lower heating
value
2.7.3 Estimation of
biomass heating values
2.8 Biomass
Beneficiation
2.8.1 Size reduction
2.8.2 Pre-drying
2.9 Biomass
Conversion Process
2.9.1 Thermochemical
conversion
2.9.2 Biochemical
conversion
2.10 Gasification
Process
2.10.1 Drying
2.10.2 Pyrolysis
2.10.3 Combustion
2.10.4 Reduction
2.11 Gasifier Design
2.11.1 Fixed bed design
2.11.2 Fluidize bed
gasifier
2.12 Gasification
Operating Parameters
2.12.1 Equivalence
ratio
2.12.2 Temperature
2.12.3 Gasification
medium
2.12.4 Moisture content
2.12.5 Superficial
velocity
2.13 Product Gas
Treatment
2.13.1 Tar removal
2.13.2 Particulate
removal
2.13.3 Gas conditioning
2.14 Synthesis Gas
Application
2.14.1 Thermal energy
2.14.2 Power generation
2.14.3 Transportation
fuels
2.14.4 Methanol production
2.15 Gasification
Safety Consideration
2.15.1 Gas toxic hazard
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Materials and
Equipment
3.2 Sawdust
Characterization
3.3 Experimental
Setup
3.4 Experimental
Measurement
3.5 Gasification
Performance Evaluation
3.6 Thermodynamic
Equilibrium Model
3.6.1 Model
assumptions
3.6.2 MATLAB
Simulation Algorithm
3.7 Root Mean
Square Error
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Proximate
Analysis Result
4.1.2 Ultimate
analysis result
4.2 Gasification
Using Air Medium
4.2.1 Effect of air
flow rate on equivalence ratio and temperature
4.2.2 Effect of air
flow rates on product gas composition
4.3 Gasification
Using Oxygen Enriched Air
4.3.1 Effect of
oxygen enrichment on equivalence ratio and temperature
4.3.2 Effect of
oxygen enrichment on gasification performance parameter
4.3.3 Effect of
oxygen enrichment on product gas composition
4.3.4 Effect of
oxygen enrichment on H2/CO and CO/CO2 ratio
4.4 Model
Validation
4.4.1 Model
validation with literature data
4.4.2 Model
validation with present experimental data
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations
APPENDIX
Abstract
This research work investigates the effect of gasification
operating parameters, namely: equivalence ratio (ER), gasification agent,
reaction zone temperature, and residence time on quality of syngas produced
using sawdust.The research experiments were conducted using a pilot scale
downdraft gasifier with constricted throat and a rotating grate. Temperatures
at reaction zone of the gasifier were monitored directly using a digital
thermometer whereas an online gas analyzer capable of detecting percentage
composition and calorific value was employed to monitor quality of the
syngas.Two sets of experiments were carried out separately; one using air and
the other using oxygen-enriched air as gasifying agents. With air, flow rates
at 6.4, 1.9 and 0.7 litre per minute (LPM) were used for the study. The results
obtained shows that the higher air flow level favours better quality of syngas.
Air flow rate at 0.64LPM generated the best quality of syngas containing 13.55
and 2.59% of CO and H2,
respectively. Syngas maximum caloric value of nearly 3MJ/Nm3
at a temperature of 550°C was observed. Using oxygen enriched-air on the other
hand, flow rate was maintained at 10LPM while varying the percentage oxygen at
21, 30, 40, 50, 60 and 80%.It was found that 40% oxygen enrichment generated
the best quality of syngas containing29.57 and 14.29% of CO and H2
respectively.Syngas calorific value was observed to rise consistently from 2.08
to a maximum of 6.69MJ/Nm3
as percentage oxygen in the gasifying agent was increased from 21 to 40%.
Gasification performance shows that both cold gas efficiency (CGE) and carbon
conversion efficiency(CCE) reaches peak value of 46.81 and 82.04% respectively
at ER value of 0.2953 which also corresponds to the 40% oxygen level in
gasifying agent.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
The alarming rate of global
warmingas a result of harmful gases released into the atmosphere combined with
continual depletion of fossil fuel resources at unprecedented rate led
researchers to devote effort in developing alternative energy technologies from
agricultural wastes like sawdust, rice husk andsugar cane bagasse to meet up
future energy demand (Christus et al., 2014).
Although it is not known how
much fossil fuel is still available, it is generally accepted that it is being
depleted and is non-renewable. With these challenging circumstances, search for
other alternative renewable forms of energy sources becomes imperative. Other
consequences associated with fossil fuel use include the release of the trapped
carbon in the fossil fuels to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide
which has led to increased concerns about global warming. Also, fossil fuel
resources are not distributed evenly around the globe which makes many
countries heavily dependent on imports (Ajay et al.,
2009).Evidence suggests that
conventional oil production has a limited capacity to meet growing demand, and
most additional demand will have to be met by unconventional sources. Since the
globe is turning towards the sustainable development, renewable energy
technologies are getting more attention all over the world (Bergerson and
Keith, 2006).
The combustion of biomass of
different varieties has gaindramatic applications ranging from woodstove for
domestic usage to industrial power generation. However more extensive
applications lie ahead from effective technology for conversion of the biomass....
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