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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Abstract
Table of Content
Abbreviation
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Statement of
problem
1.2 Justification
1.3 Theoretical
frame work
1.4 Aims and
objectives
1.4.1 Specific objectives
1.5. Research
hypothesis
Chapter Two
2.0. Literature
review
2.1. Etiology of
aphrodisiac
2.1.1.Classification of aphrodisiac
2.2 Male
reproductive organ
2.2.1Functions of male reproductive organ
2.3. Types of sexual
disorders
2.4. Causes of sexual
dysfunction and infertility
2.5. Diagnosis of
sexual dysfunction
2.6. Management of
sexual disorders
2.6.1.Life style changes management approach
2.6.2. Therapeutic management approach
2.7. Role of
medicinal plants in the treatment of sexual dysfunction
2.8. Plant
description
2.9. Ethno medical
benefits Cissus populnea in disease condition
Chapter Three
3.0. Materials and
method
3.1. Collection of
plant material
3.2. Extract
preparation
3.3. Animals
3.4. Chemicals and
drugs
3.5. Phytochemical
screening
3.6. Acute toxicity
studies
3.7 Pharmacological
screening
3.7.1 Experimental
design
3.7.2 Physical method
of assessing plants with aphrodisiac or fertility effects
3.7.2.1 Mounting frequency test
3.7.2.2. Mating frequency test
3.7.3 Biochemical
method of assessing plants with aphrodisiac or fertility effects
3.7.3.1 Collection and separation ofsera samples for
biochemical analyses
3.7.3.2 Sperm count and analysis
3.7.3.3 Corticosteroid assay
3.7.3.4Prostate specific antigen assay
3.7.3.5Testosterone
3.7.3.6DPPH assay
3.7.3.7 Liver and kidney function test
3.7.3Psychological method of assessing plants with
aphrodisiac or fertility effects
3.7.3.1 Anxiety studies
3.7.3.2. Learning and memory studies
3.8 Statistical
analysis
Chapter Four
4.0 Results
4.1 Extract yield
4.2 Phytochemical
constituents
4.3 Acute toxicity
studies effect of Cissus populnea root extract
4.4 Effect of
Cissus populnea root- extract on physical sexual behavior
4.4.1 Male mounting
frequency test
4.4.2 Male mating
frequency test (sexual episode)
4.5 Biochemical
effect of the extract of Cissus populnea root
4.5.1 Effect of
extract on sperm count
4.5.1.1. Sperm morphology and motility
4.5.2 Testosterone
assay of the effect of Cissus populnea root extract
4.5.3 Cortisol assay
of the effects of Cissus populnea root extract
4.5.4 Prostate
specific antigen assay of the effect of Cissus populnea root extract
4.5.5 Antioxidant
effect of the extract of Cissus populnea root
4.6.1 Liver function
monitoring parameters
4.6.2 Kidney function
monitoring parameters
4.7 Psychological
effect of Cissus populnea root extract
4.7.1 Effect of the
extract of Cissus populnea root on anxiety
4.7.2 Effect of the
extract of Cissus populnea on memory
Chapter Five
5.0 Discussion
Chapter Six
6.0 Summary,
Conclusion and Recommendation
6.1 Conclusion
6.2Recommendation
REFERENCE
APPENDIX
ABSTRACT
Aphrodisiac activity of Cissus populnea was assessed
using physical, biochemical and psychological methods. Rats were randomized
into five groups of six rats. The first group received normal saline (10ml/kg),
the second, third and fourth groups received extract doses of 250mg/kg,
500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg respectively while the fifth group received 5mg/kg of
sildenafil citrate orally for 28 days. On the 24th
day, the effect of the root extract of Cissus populnea (CPRE) on
mounting and mating frequencies was evaluated. The psychological (mood)
effect of CPRE was evaluated on the 27th
day by exposing the treated rats to the elevated plus maze (EPM) for five (5)
minutes and the time spent in the open and close arms of the EPM were recorded.
On the 29th day, the rats were
anaesthetized with diethylether and blood samples were collected by cardiac
puncture for biochemical analysis (testosterone, cortisol, prostate specific
antigen (PSA) levels, liver and kidney function parameters). Testes were
removed and an incision was made at the caudal epididymis were transferred into
a petri dish containing normal saline from where sperm samples were collected
using a Neubauler ruled chamber to ascertain the sperm count and morphology.
The antioxidant effect of CPRE was compared with that of ascorbic acid using
DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl) assay method and was measured at 518nm
and the percentage antioxidant activity (AA %) was then calculated.
The acute toxicity study revealed that CPRE was relatively
safe. The LD50
value was found to be above 5000mg/kg. The phytochemical screening revealed the
presence of saponins, flavonoids, terpernoids and tannins. CPRE and sildenafil
citrate significantly increased mounting frequency (P≤0.05) and mating
frequency (P≤0.05) respectively compared to the negative control; maximum
effect was observed at the dose of 500mg/kg of the extract. There was
significant (P≤0.01) and dose-dependent decrease in sperm count in the extract
treated rats. The motility and percentage of abnormal sperm cells also
decreased in the extract treated rats compared to the negative control and standard drug
sildenafil citrate. The extract produced significant (P≤0.001) and dose
dependent increasein testosterone level compared to the control. Significant
increase (P≤0.05) in cortisol level was observed in the sildenafil and extract
(250 and 500mg/kg) treated rats compared to the control. There was no
significant change in prostate specific antigen level in the CPRE however
sildenafil citrate treated rats showed significant ((P
0.05) increase in
PSA level compared to the control group. The administration of the extract did
not show any increase in the level of hepatic andnephrotic enzymes. However
there was significant increase in AST level in the extract and sildenafil
treated rates compared to the control group. The percentage antioxidant
activity of ascorbic acid was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of the
extract. The extract and sildenafil significantly (P≤0.01) increased the time
spent in the open arm while significantly (P≤0.01) decreasing the time spent in
the closed arm in the EPM compared to the control group.
0.05) increase in
PSA level compared to the control group. The administration of the extract did
not show any increase in the level of hepatic andnephrotic enzymes. However
there was significant increase in AST level in the extract and sildenafil
treated rates compared to the control group. The percentage antioxidant
activity of ascorbic acid was significantly (P≤0.05) higher than that of the
extract. The extract and sildenafil significantly (P≤0.01) increased the time
spent in the open arm while significantly (P≤0.01) decreasing the time spent in
the closed arm in the EPM compared to the control group.
The methanolic root extract of Cissus populneais
relatively safe. The aphrodisiac property may be attributed to a combination of
increased in testosterone level, phytochemicals such as saponins and flavonoids
and its potential to relieve stress and anxiety. The extract does not have
fertility enhancing effect as shown by the decrease in sperm count, motility
and increase in percentage of abnormal sperm cell.
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