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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Certification
Declaration
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0. Introduction
1.1. Energy Costs
in Telecommunication Industries
1.2. Environmental
Impact and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
1.3 Energy
Consumption at a Macro Base Transmitter Station (BTS) Site
1.4 Power
Solutions for BTS Sites
1.4.1 Mains Power
1.4.2 Diesel
Generators
1.4.3. Renewable
Energy Solution
1.4.3.1 Renewable Energy
Technologies
1.4.3.2 Renewable Power
Options at BTS Sites
1.4.4 Off-Grid Cell
Sites and Renewable Energy Potentials in Nigeria
1.5. Hybrid Power
Systems (HPS)
1.6 Problem
Statement
1.7. Objectives and
Significance of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction
2.1. Energy
Optimization
2.2 Simulation and
Optimization Software Tools for Hybrid Systems
2.2.1. Hybrid
Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER )
2.2.2. Hybrid Power
System Simulation Model (HYBRID2)
2.2.3. Hybrid
Optimization by Genetic Algorithms (HOGA)
2.2.4. Transient
Energy System Simulation Program (TRNSYS)
2.3. Component
Sizing
2.4. Optimization
2.5. Optimization
Techniques
2.5.1. Multi-Objective
Design of Stand-Alone Hybrid Systems
2.5.2. Control
Strategies
2.5.3. System Cost
Analysis
2.6. Summary
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0. Introduction
3.1. Mathematical
Model
3.2. System
Components Used in the Modeling and Simulation
3.2.1 Photovoltaic
(PV) Systems
3.2.2. Wind Generator
3.2.3. Micro-Hydro
Power
3.2.4. Diesel/Gasoline
Engine-Generator Power Systems
3.3. Energy Storage
3.3.1. Battery
Electricity
3.4. Conversion
Devices
3.5. Modeling of
Hybrid Energy System Components
3.6. Power
Generation Model
3.7. Mathematical
Cost Model (Economic & Environmental Costs) of Energy Systems
3.8. The Energy
Optimization Model
3.9. Calibration of
the Model
3.10. Materials and
Method
3.11. Hybrid System
Components
3.12. Optimal Design
of Hybrid System
3.13. Computer
Simulation
3.14. Supervisory
Control System
3.15. Summary
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.0. Introduction
4.1. The Results
4.2. Analysis of
the Results
4.2.1. Optimal Ranking
of the Hybrid System Types
4.2.2. Energy Rating
of the Hybrid Systems and Components
4.2.3. Economic Rating
of the Hybrid System Types and Components
4.2.3.1. Initial Capital Costs [ICC]
4.2.3.2. The Total Net Present Cost [NPC]
4.2.4. Environmental
Impact Rating of the Hybrid System Types and Components
4.3. Discussions
4.3.1 Justification
for Renewable Power Options at BTS Sites
4.4. Summary
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Communication services have faced several challenges with
the increasing spread of wireless voice and data signals into remote areas [1].
Power supply is one of the critical challenges the telecommunication operators
confront in deploying their networks. This challenge is readily overcome in the
developed countries as a result of well-developed power infrastructure. In the
developing world, where national electricity grid exists, it is always the
energy solution of choice for powering Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs).
Unfortunately, it is not always reliable and has limited coverage. This is
complicated in developing countries like Nigeria as mobile communication
extends more and more into rural areas outside the reach of national grid. The
electrification by grid extension or secondary power station can only reach a
small minority of the population in rural areas. In view of the dispersion of
localities, the cost of production, transmission and especially distribution of
electricity, would be expensive.
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