EVALUATION OF FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION SUPPLY IN URBAN AREA (A CASE STUDY OF MAKURDI)

Abstract

Affordable housing is one of the most important economic indicators of a country. The shortage of affordable housing is not only limited to the city of Makurdi but affects the country as a whole. A major concern pertaining to affordable housing is that it affects mostly the less privileged people in the population who are in the low and middle income groups. The study focused on the shortage of the affordable housing supply in Makurdi Combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed to conduct the research. The quantitative aspect researched on how low and middle income groups are affected based on the numerical variables while quantitative approach focused on the in-depth understand on the opinions and perspectives leading to low housing affordability. The main targeted respondents were the low and middle income groups, housing supply institutions and commercial banks. This study used primary and secondary sources to identify major impediments towards the factors militating against residential accommodation supply in Makurdi. The main research instruments employed to collect information was the questionnaire and an interview guide with selected representatives from the sample. The main purpose of the study is to identify factors that limit supply of adequate and affordable housing in Makurdi, identify challenges and obstacles housing supply institutions and individuals face as a result of inflated housing prices. The study concluded that scarcity of serviced land and financial constraints are the main contributing factors to shortage of affordable housing. Research recommends comprehensive and enforceable housing policies, programmes and the related strategic actions to be taken to ensure development of an appropriate housing provision system. Furthermore, developing an appropriate law and regulations structure that governs factors militating against residential accommodation supply, its development, infrastructure and funding, use of cheaper construction materials and technologies can improve and increase the factors militating against residential accommodation supply in Makurdi.

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Since Nigeria’s independence in 1990, shortage of affordable housing for low income earners has been seen as political issue and as one of the key challenges for the Nigerian Government and various Local Authorities (Kalili, Adongo, & Larson, 2008). According to the December 2015 First National Bank (FNB) Housing Index, the median house price for 2015 was N$800 000 (about US$5 6125), up from N$700 000 (US$49109.67) by a private developer in 2014. The annual median housing price for Nigeria has been increasing by a percentage of 14.29 percent per year. Hence the relative change from NS$640 000 (about US$44 900) in 2014 to NS$700 000 (about US$49 109) in 2015 (FNB, 2015).

Besides being influenced by poor land delivery, the price growth is also a result of increasing demand due to increase in the labour force. The potential introduction of new taxes, higher interest rates and higher inflation of basic goods which will impact consumers’ disposable income pose further downside risks to this sector (FNB Housing Index, 2015). Housing is a basic necessity to which we should all have access to ensure that Nigerian people are able to achieve a reasonable standard of living there must be adequate provision of and access to affordable and appropriate shelter. Factors militating against residential accommodation supply is one of the key challenges facing policy makers in Nigeria. By 2007, the country faced a backlog of 80,000 household’s entire need of housing. There are reasons to believe that this figure has increased since then as manifested in the growing number of informal settlements on the outskirts of most towns in the country (Mwilima, Filipus &Fleermuys, 2011). The National Housing Enterprise, a state-owned company mandated to provide housing solutions in order to alleviate the national housing need, faces a backlog which is estimated to be around 110 000 and growing at an annual rate of 3 700 units. The National Housing Enterprise waiting list has dramatically increased from 18 000 in 2013 to 76 800 in 2016 (Bank of Nigeria, 2015).

About 74 percent of Nigerian households cannot afford conventional housing as access to credit remains difficult. The “Getting Credit” section of the World Bank’s Doing Business 2016 report ranks Nigeria at 60 out of 189 countries. Low incomes and high costs for servicing of land have excluded many poor people from acquiring land and constructing their own houses. This is evident in that towards the end of 2015 the average price per square meter was N$472 (about US$33.30) for new property coming into the market.

The main factor contributing towards housing shortage is the inadequate housing supply which failed to keep up with growing demand over the years. The housing shortfall is further amplified by the prevailing high unemployment rates, rising house prices and the growing trend of urbanization in the country, amongst others (Mwilima, Fillipus & Fleermuys, 2011). The demand for housing has been rising at a fast pace, while supply has not been growing at the same rate. This situation has resulted in high house prices, raising the question whether these prolonged price increases will be sustainable and affordable over the long-run, the demand for housing has been rising at a fast pace, while supply has not been growing at the same rate (Mwilima, Fillipus & Fleermuys, 2011).

1.2 Statement of the problem

House prices increased by 29% year on year to bring the FNB House Price Index to 234.7 index points through June as house prices continue to increase in 2014 at a much faster pace than the long term trend over the past seven years. According to Kaira (2014) Nigeria ranks second in the world as the most expensive country in which to own a house. Makurdi in particular, has the second highest house price increase in the world after Dubai according to the Knight Frank Global House Index (Wallis, 2014). Due to its increasing population in Makurdi access to affordable housing is becoming increasingly difficult. There is currently a severe and immediate need for increase of resources to be able to supply affordable housing in Nigeria and these needs will continue to increase in the future. Affordable housing is a necessity in every area of Nigeria. Unfortunately, the need for this housing is not being met by majority of the Nigerians.

The factors militating against residential accommodation supply remains as one of the country’s fastest growing and most pervasive housing challenge. Thus study will be conducted in Makurdi with the general objective of assessing housing supply and its affordability with special reference to residential housing. Researcher will examine factors that have contributed to the shortage of affordable housing supply and why the majority of the Nigeria population are finding it difficult to purchase or own their own homes. The study will also investigate the challenges faced by the housing supply institutions that is preventing them from increasing the supply of affordable homes.

1.2 Main Objective

The main objective of the research is to assess the factors militating against residential accommodation supply in Nigeria focusing primarily on Makurdi. The study investigated the shortage of affordable housing in Makurdi and how this problem can be addressed to improve living standards for the low and middle income groups.

1.3 Research Questions

These objectives were addressed through answering the following research questions.

i. What factors have contributed towards the shortage of affordable housing in Makurdi?

ii. What are the key challenges associated with the supply of affordable housing in Makurdi?

iii. Is there synergy between policies governing the supply of housing and the government housing policies?

iv. What are the long term goals and strategies to overcome and improve housing affordability?

v. What challenges do low and middle income groups face to acquire affordable housing?

1.6 Significance of the study

This study provides information to the town's administrators that will facilitate the formulation of operational plans and strategies based on the existing realities in order to facilitate supplying of affordable housing to meet the needs of the majority low and middle income Nigerian people. The study will create awareness among housing supply agents especially for local governments and public housing agencies about socio-economic impact of the affordable housing for the affected groups. Research aims to stimulate an academic inquiry that will lead other researchers to expand the knowledge and insight into Housing affordability issues using the findings that will be presented herein, complemented by other existing body of knowledge as the basis.

1.7 Limitation of the study

The study is limited to Makurdi, leaving the other parts of Nigeria where there might be a similar or related scenarios. The size of the sample in this study will be inadequate for generalisation to population. Other limitations may include timing constraints whereby the research was expected to complete within a specific timeframe. Not all individuals agreed to be interviewed and others refused to disclose certain information.

1.8. Conclusion

The Chapter highlighted the different topics that will be addressed while investigating the factors that affect the factors militating against residential accommodation supply In Makurdi. The essence of investigating these factors is to aid the government and financial institutions in form of policy recommendations, to introduce various tools that would be investment friendly and encourage the banks to lend towards property acquisition at affordable and reasonable rates. The objectives of the study and research questions developed in this chapter, is to be used to aid research and draw logical conclusions. These conclusions will contribute to the process of developing better housing affordability measures that will more readily reflect the housing realities and needs of households of the low and middle income groups in Makurdi.

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AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF SLUM SETTLEMENTS IN RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION SUPPLY A CASE STUDY OF MAKURDI

ABSTRACT

Urban degradation is caused principally by urbanization process, however, most of the environmental problems in Makurdi axis suburbs result largely from its unplanned land uses, swampy nature of built areas and weak development control. Other critical problems that bother minds also include lack of open space, poor management of flood channels and substandard housing. This paper discuss the possible intervention strategies in the regeneration effort of Makurdi slum area. The research method which is both narrative and statistically descriptive in nature enables the author engage in a detailed literature study of the chronological development of Makurdi axis with view to determining how the city came about the current level of degenerating infrastructural facilities. The study found that the principle of cooperative leadership by government at all levels is fundamental to making important difference in qualitative development controls of the study area. It however concluded that the duo role of the public and traditional power structure of the community leaders must be involved in the conception and implementation of Benue State environmental planning programmes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Slums are home to the poorest of urban populations in Africa. The houses inhabited by slum dwellers are mostly decrepit, overcrowded, in neighborhoods that are prone to flooding and beset with poor sanitation and shortage of potable water. Slums are easily formed in areas experiencing rapid urbanization without commensurate increase in the provision and maintenance of housing and infrastructure. Slums have been conceptualized as a group of buildings or an area characterized by overcrowding, deterioration, insanitary conditions, or absence of basic and essential facilities like potable water, drainage system, schools, health facilities, recreational grounds, post office, among others. Slums generate spontaneously and are in some cases, a direct result of the prevalence of poverty experienced by the inhabitants of cities (Olotuah, 2006).

Slums, which are regarded as an element of urban decay, also result from congestion in overcrowded cities where poor immigrants seek to settle for just any available accommodation irrespective of quality. The overwhelming negatives notwithstanding, there are some positive aspects to slums. In recent years, some environmentalists and organizations such as the United Nations Population Fund suggested that despite the poor living conditions, slums are positive both environmentally and socially. Because slums are characterized by very high density of housing, its environmental impact is smaller than that of dispersed rural communities. Furthermore, the fertility rate of new slum dwellers is below the replacement rate; this mitigates dangers associated with overpopulation that results from manpower-intensive subsistence agriculture, and frees up arable land for the nature, or more efficient industrialized agriculture. Slum dwellers also appear to have vastly better opportunities for getting jobs, starting small businesses and climbing out of poverty than rural inhabitants (Akinyode, 1998). Nigeria is ranked as one of the countries with high slum prevalence. The proliferation of shanty dwellings, squatter settlements and slums in most of our cities in Nigeria including the Benue state which is the being focused on in this study.

However, it has been asserted that the presence of slum increase the rate of crime in the area thereby affecting the value of the residential property (Omole, 2010). The prevalence of slum in Nigeria has significantly affected the Residential Accommodation Supply in the affected areas. This value is determined by the prices of the residential property or by the value of rent per a period time that is collected on them. However, the researcher will find out the impact of Slum settlements the Residential Accommodation Supply in Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The process of urbanization which means specific changes in the distribution and structure of population as well as in a size and character of a settlement, their network or system, has many sided relationships with slums formation. The rapid rate of urbanization witnessed in the last century has produced more slums in the major cities of the world, particularly in developing countries where thousands of rural people move into the major cities at large proportion. Presence have slum is believed to have been a major cause of organized crime in the society. The researcher will investigate the impact of Slum settlements the Residential Accommodation Supply in Nigeria.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The following are the objectives of this study:

1. To examine the impact of Slum settlements Residential Accommodation Supply in Makurdi.

2. To identify the causes of slum formation in Benue state.

3. To examine the relationship between slum formation and Residential Accommodation Supply

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the impact of Slum settlements Residential Accommodation Supply in Makurdi?

4. What are the causes of slum formation in Benue state?

5. What is the relationship between slum formation and Residential Accommodation Supply?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The following are the significance of this study:

This study will educate stakeholders in housing sector, urban and regional planning and estate management of the causes and characteristics of slum and its effect on the rent and price which are the determinant of the value of those residential properties.

This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.

1.6 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study on the impact of Slum settlements the Residential Accommodation Supply in Nigeria will cover the formation of slum in Benue state and its effect on house rent, land rent, land purchase, security etc.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

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TRANSPORTATION AS A TOOL TO ENHANCE TOURIST MOVEMENT FOR LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN TOURISM INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT

There is no gainsaying that road network connectivity, level of road accessibility and transport services developing nations are often poor and inadequate, yet, most of the cultural resources with which Nigeria is endowed are domiciled in the hinterlands. Developing these cultural resources into tourist attractions becomes problematic due to the abject condition of the link roads and lack of adequate means of transportation. This research is focused at investigating the transportation systems in Owerri municipal and the impact on tourism and leisure activities. Three communities were used for the study. The selection was based on the three senatorial zones in Imo State, and from the zones, the communities richer in cultural resources were chosen. Survey method was used to gather the primary data for which the questionnaire was the major instrument of research'. A total of 300 sets of questionnaire were administered to respondents in the three communities. In the findings, it was deduced that roads to the communities in Owerri are in a deplorable state coupled with lack of ready and comfortable means of transportation. All these have immensely affected tourist flow to the numerous cultural attractions in the area of study. It was also deduced that poor road condition was also responsible for the high cost of transportation. It was recommended that federal government should expunge the joint account policy between states and local governments so as to empower the later to handle their road construction and rehabilitation projects. A collaborative effort must exist between the host communities and their local governments as a condition for an uninterrupted development of their numerous cultural resources for tourism purposes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Tourism is defined as the short-term movement of people from their usual place of residence (origin) to other places (destination) for the purpose of leisure and recreational activities without any intention of securing a permanent resident or job at the destination; Cooper and Boniface (2006). It is also seen as the science, art and business of attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating them and graciously catering for their needs and wants; Mentosh and Gupta (2008). Since the early 70s, tourism has grown to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world, ranking only after petroleum and auto trades. Tourism today plays a significant role in the balance of payment of many countries both in the developed and developing worlds. Tourism therefore, brings huge economic and social benefits to many nations, especially those that carefully plan and manage their potential attractions or resources (UNTWO, 2010). It has become the world’s largest growing industry, statistics by the world Tourism organizations shows that there are no signs of this growth slowing down in the next Millennium. To benefit from this global trend, tourism is been adopted by governments as a vehicle for poverty alleviation, employment generation and wealth creation. It is also seen as a veritable tool for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

It is not in doubt that Nigeria is lavishly endowed with varieties of cultural resources which are mainly domiciled in the rural areas. The desire to witness cultural heritage like festivals, traditional architecture, monuments, arts and crafts, historic sites, shrines etc, has formed a major motivation for cultural tourism in recent times. Richards (2011) defined cultural tourism as the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experience to satisfy their cultural needs. It is a fact that all forms of tourism, world over cannot thrive in isolation from transport, which provides the link amid the dwelling and destination regions of tourists. Yet, because the cultural resources are domiciled mostly in the rural locations, the need for transport becomes even more important. In the view of tourism professionals, transportation is an integral part of tourism which serves as a means of tourists' displacement from origin to the destination and other surrounding attractions. Hence, Hall (1991) highlights that there is a strong positive correlation between transport development and tourism growth. This implies that improvement in transport has a direct impact on tourism. It was gathered from the historical development of tourism that the key technical transformation in the transportation system industry brought about by the industrial revolution, marked the beginning of tourism. During this period in history, massive modifications of transport system were recorded which gave rise to the exploration of new lands to satisfy cultural needs. Hobson and Uysal (1992:209) also testified that the major steps in the development of tourism have been linked with advancements in transport.

Prior to the decision to travel to any destination, certain transport needs must be fulfilled, including safety and easy access to tourist destinations. The ability to connect attractions and carry luggage comfortably, and at affordable cost must be certain. Collier (1994) in agreement to this assertion mentioned some of the tourist transport needs that must be fulfilled as:

• Transporting the tourist from the generating to the host area

• Transport between host destinations

• Transport within host destinations

The need for effective transport to cultural attractions is not limited to tourists alone. During festival celebrations, for instance, indigenes of the host communities residing in the urban cities and aboard visit home. Besides, some invited guests like friends, well-wishers and business associates contribute to the population of the crowd moving towards the host community. Also included in the number are the service providers who provide convenience and comfort to the tourists. On this note, Okoli and Igbojekwe (2014), maintained that the quality of the transportation system is an important aspect of the traveler's experience. In their own view, poor service, scheduling problems, and or long delays associated with transportation service could seriously affect a passenger's perception and lead to regrets about a trip. Tourists expect to be transported safely, quickly and comfortably at moderate costs to their destinations before a trip could be termed memorable (Nwankwo, 2005). Various countries in Asia have also considered improving tourists transportation using tour buses instead of road transport. In Hong Kong, most tourists use trains that are managed by specific organizations. But there are also special buses for tourists that are called tour buses. These buses are not managed by the government but they are owned by the government but they are designated for tourists only.

According to Howe and Bryceson (2000) tourists transportation has been a challenge in many African countries. Popular transport for tourists used to be road transport in most of African countries. But this started to change in 1980s where some organizations tour sites operated tour buses for tourists.

Most public tour sites in African countries have no tour buses. Tourists use public buses and other means of transport. These tourists are facing many challenges including arriving late to tour site and rough treatments from bus conductors. These challenges are not bothering tourists who use tour buses within same countries (ibd).

Tour buses are chosen because generally tour buses and other special buses for tourists are considered to be safer than other public buses. Considering how many tourists the buses carry and the distance they cover, deaths on the road are extremely rare. Tour buses in America have a rate of 0.2 deaths per 100 million miles traveled. The rate of deaths in other automobiles transport is eight times higher. Statistics provides a good way of comparing risks involved. In a period of 11 years, from 1994-2004, a total of 71 passengers on tour buses died in crashes. But in one year, 2004 alone, traffic accidents killed 31,693 people traveling in cars and light trucks in America (Forkenbrock, 2004).

In Nigeria, Imo state residents travel under difficult conditions from one part of the city to another. Available information shows that daily travel in the city is facing many difficulties. These difficulties include the split between residential areas and places of work or areas where people get services, expansion of urbanized area and deficient transport system. As a result of these factors, transport remains to be a critical need for city residents (Sliuzas, 2001).

Werlin (1999) explain that generally lack of adequate transport system, is potential to create complicated daily life by making access to various destinations and services difficulty for majority of people especially the poor. Privileged section of the population has access to good transport infrastructure but on the other hand, the low income population is facing poor urban road transportation.

Rural transport is considered as a vital component of the system of services necessary for the continuing existence of a dispersed settlement in less densely populated areas (Tolley and Turton 1995). More so, in most developing countries, the road is the principal mode available, while the rail and inland waterway transport generally play little or no role within rural areas. Considering the nature of cultural tourism, the location of cultural attractions leaves the travelers with no other choice than the road transport. Yet, the overall road network connectivity, level of road accessibility and transportation services is generally poor and inadequate. The situation is so pathetic that they are highly deprived of infrastructural facilities like smooth tarred roads, adequate drainage system, sufficient road networks and transportation means. The most problematic is the poor physical condition of the rural roads. It was alleged that even up till 1960, other parts of Africa excluding the Southern part have less than 5 percent of their roads tarred, with large proportion of their minor feeder roads still existing as tracks. The condition in the communities in Owerri is so bad that a good number of the rural roads can only be managed during the dry season, when the rains are over.

Governments at all levels have not demonstrated adequate effort in the repair and general maintenance of the roads, and this amounts to a domino effect on vehicle maintenance cost and transport fares (Adesanya, 1997). Adeniji (1983), further posits that this level of insensitivity could be as a result of the low volume of traffic and periodicity, as well as seasonality in demand for transport in rural areas. Furthermore, Aderamo and Magaji (2010) expressed some fears that the solution cannot be at sight so long as the local government remains underfunded. Under this situation, most rural roads remain unpaved, narrow, circuitously aligned, and with pot holes, thereby leaving them impassable until dry season reappears. According to Ifegbo (2021), majority of festivals in Igbo land take place during the raining season, when most of the rural roads are in their worst conditions. This has remained a challenge to the respective stakeholders

i.e. the government at all levels, tourism planners and the transport industry and until a remarkable improvement is made, tourism development will remain a dream.

Such inadequate and unreliable transport in Imo state is also experienced by tourists. The tourists also need transport every day to go to various tourists destinations and back. It is common in Imo state to see many tourists stranded at bus stands for long time waiting for transport. But there are other tourists who use special tour buses. This group may not be experiencing the same transport impact as their fellows who use public means (Nyirenda, 2012). This study examined the impact of peace transit on tourism and leisure activities in Imo state.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

Tourist attraction in Imo state is growing. According to Mjingo (2011), there are about 10,000 tourists in the city who need transport to go to tour site and travelling back home. But the safety of travelling for these tourists, most of them rely on the erratic road transport system, which is at stake most of the time. Mjingo (2011) also reports that Imo state has about 12 tourist sites.

But most of these tour sites have no proper transport arrangements for their tourists. University of Imo state (2008) observed that the tourists travel to various tour sites and back home with a lot of difficulty. When travelling from the outskirts of the city to their respective tour sites, tourists face the inconvenience of commuting unreliable road transport. This means that the future of transport system for tourists who use road transport system in Imo state is uncertain.

But on the other hand, University of Imo state (2008) argues that some road transport systems like peace transit have an orderly way of transporting both tourists and citizens within and out of the city, these public transits although expensive, provide safe and comfortable movement giving tourism a positive effect as the problem of transportation is reduced Those who use tour buses are mainly those attending private tour sites in the city. This group is privileged with less difficulty in travelling compared with their fellows who use road transport system. One would wonder what happened to tourists who face such transport challenges both personally and in their social activities. At the same time one would want to know what are the benefits enjoyed by tourists who use tour buses to travel over those who use road transport system. This study examined the impact of road transport system on the tourism development of primary tourists in Imo state.

1.3 Research Objectives

1.3.1 General Research Objective

The general objective of the study was to assess the transportation system in Owerri and the impact on tourism and leisure activities in Imo state.

1.3.2 Specific Research Objectives

Specific objectives of the study were as follows:

1. To assess the current system of road transport used by tourists in Owerri Municipal.

2. To assess the impact of transportation on tourism in Imo state.

3. To examine coping strategies that are used by tourists to deal with challenging road transport system in Imo state.

1.4 Research Questions

1.4.1 General Research Question

What are the transportation system in Owerri municipal and it’s impact on tourism and leisure activities in Imo state?

1.4.2 Specific Research Questions

1. What is the current system of road transport used by tourists in Owerri Municipal?

2. What is the impact of transportation on tourism in Imo state?

3. What are the coping strategies that are used by tourists to deal with challenging road transport system in Imo state?

1.5 Significance of the Research

The study contributes towards the on-going discussions and initiatives taken by various stakeholders towards providing reliable transport to tourists. The study also adds on information about the impact of poor transport system on tourism.

peace transit owners will use the available information to up their management of their transport systems, passenger treatment and proper management of their vehicles.

Tourism organizers in Ebony will have a second look into the transport sector as a major factor in setting up a tourist event, as it will involve transporting tourists around

This study provides information on the impact of those challenges on tourists‟ tourism development especially in Imo state.

1.6 Scope of the Study

In order to understand the impact of peace transit on tourism and leisure activities of tourists in Imo state, the study assessed type of challenges faced by tourists and their impact on the tourism. Peace transit was used as the case study

1.7 Organization of the Study

The study has five chapters that present introduction and background of the research in chapter one, literature review of ideas and arguments from various authors related to the subject in chapter two, followed by chapter three that discussed research methodology that was followed on the research work. Chapter four presents study findings and analysis of the findings. Chapter five presents summary conclusions and recommendations.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON EARLY CHILDHOOD LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN MUSHIN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, LAGOS, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study was to determine the influence of school environmental factors on the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area Homabay state, Nigeria. School environmental factors refer to those aspects within the school surrounding that may influence the process of teaching and learning. The study sought to fulfill the following objectives: to examine the effect of physical facilities on the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes; to assess how sufficiency of instructional materials can promote the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes; to explore how class size promotes Early Childhood Learning Outcomes and to determine how school location affects the process of teaching-learning in public primary schools. The study was guided by the Systems Theory of organizations. The study adopted descriptive survey design. Questionnaires were used to gather information from teachers and head teachers while focus group discussion guide was used with the pupils. The findings of the study revealed that schools have inadequate physical facilities, with some being totally unavailable. Instructional materials are generally insufficient. Majority of the schools had large classes though most teachers prefer small classes. Lastly the teachers prefer working in accessible schools with proximity to adequate social facilities and infrastructure. The study concluded that inadequacy of physical facilities in schools has been found to influence Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. In addition, there is general insufficiency of instructional materials in schools has also been found to greatly influence the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. The size of class has been found to greatly influence the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes small classes are mostly preferred by most teachers and even pupils yet they have large classes. On school location, the schools in the rural areas are least preferred. Non-cosmopolitanism has also greatly affected the rural schools as the communities still have influence in the administration and operations of the schools.

The study recommended that to improve Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in the division, school heads should strive to provide physical facilities and instructional materials in schools. Large classes should be broken into two or more streams to make them manageable. Parents and communities living around the school should be sensitized on the importance of supporting school programs and be encouraged to organize fundraisers to put up physical facilities and procure instructional materials in schools. They should also be encouraged to buy revision books for their children. Further research may be done on influence of school environment on WAEC performance in public primary schools, influence of school motto and other school symbols on academic performance and how teacher characteristics influences pupils academic performance.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

It is universally accepted, that education enables individuals to contribute to the development and improvement in the quality of life for themselves, their communities and the nation as a whole. Primary school is no doubt the foundation of education and has prominently been regarded as a fundamental human right. It is an essential component of human capital and it plays an important role in economic growth and development of a country. Primary education, therefore, remains an important area that should be carefully managed.

A study conducted by Kitetu and Sunderland (2000) at the Lancaster University found out that five or more years of a farmer’s primary education led to increased farm productivity, reduced size of farm labour and increased use of yield augmenting inputs. This means that by acquiring primary education one can increase one’s earnings (Kitetu, 1998).

The school environment refers to factors within the school that influence the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. The school environment includes classrooms, library, technical workshops, teachers’ quality, teaching methods, peers, among others variables that can affect the teaching–learning process (Ajayi 2001). The extent to which pupils learn could be enhanced depending on what the school environment provides to the learners and the teacher.

It is believed that a well planned school will gear up expected outcomes of education that will facilitate good social political and economic emancipation, effective Early Childhood Learning Outcomes and academic performance of pupils. Relating this study to international occurrences are the assertions of Williams, Persaud and Turner (2008) quoting Marsden (2005) which reported that safe and orderly classroom environment, school facilities were significantly related to students academic achievement in schools.

In developed countries like the United Kingdom and the Unites States of America, teaching and learning may not be affected by similar challenges as in the developing countries. As the developing countries talk of awareness and wastage due to illiteracy of the parents, the developed countries have concentrated in funding their education without fear of any wastage or poor enrolment (MOEST: Report on Sector Review and Development, 2003).

In New York, the government has put up measures to ensure all public primary schools have all the required physical facilities, instructional materials among others variables that may lead to effective Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. Instructional materials are a major component in the process of teaching and learning and textbooks are often the most cost effective means of improving academic achievement and increasing the efficiency of schools (Psachropoulous & Woodhall, 1995).

In the developing countries, poor learning environments have always been identified as key factors that lead to poor performance in public primary schools (UNICEF, 2003). This is due to overstretching of the available resources due to increased enrolment. In Uganda, physical characteristics of the school have a variety of effects on the teachers, pupils and the learning process. Poor lighting, noise, high levels of carbon dioxide in classrooms and inconsistent temperatures make Early Childhood Learning Outcomes difficult. Poor maintenance and ineffective ventilation systems lead to poor health among the pupils and higher absentee rates among pupils (Frazier, 2002 Lyons, 2001and Ostendorf, 2001).

Beyond the direct effects that poor facilities have on pupils’ ability to learn, the combination of poor facilities which creates uncomfortable and uninviting workplace for the teachers combined with frustrating behaviour by the pupil including poor concentration also have an effect on the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. The situation is not any different here in Nigeria where several schools suffer due to lack of or inadequacy of physical facilities and instructional materials (UNICEF, 2003). Unless schools are adequately provided with physical facilities and instructional materials, effective teaching and learning may not take place.

Class size has also been an issue that affects the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in most schools in the developing countries. In Nigeria, since the inception of Free Primary Education (FPE), there has been increased enrolment which leads to overcrowding in classrooms making the work of the teacher difficult since he/she cannot easily move around in the classroom (Wabuoba, 2011) quoted in Chuma (2012)

The school administration is a crucial factor in the success of a school. The head teacher should be in a position to ensure that all factors within the school that make the school environment favourable for Early Childhood Learning Outcomes be put in place to ensure quality standards are maintained. The Education Act of 1968 stipulates that the head teacher is responsible for overall management, control and maintenance of standards in the schools and is accountable for all that happens in the school. He is charged with the duty of planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting (Okumbe, 2001) The head teacher is the seen as the first supervisor and therefore should always ensure that effective teaching-learning is taking place in the school. Early Childhood Learning Outcomes can be measured through assessment that is done to pupils using continuous assessment tests (CATS), standardized examination like the sub-county MOCK and the Nigeria Certificate of Primary Education (WAEC).

In Mushin Local Government Area school environmental factors such as availability of instructional materials, availability of physical facilities, class size and school location are factors within the school that may affect the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in Lagos state. Effective Early Childhood Learning Outcomes may not take place when rate of repetition, drop out and absenteeism seems to be high in the division and this affects performance of learners.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Government of Nigeria (GOK) commitment to education is noted from Sessional paper no.1of 2005 which guarantees every learner the right to quality and relevant education. The government has invested in education especially in public primary schools through the introduction of Free Primary Education (FPE). The country’s provision of Free Primary Education is an effort by the GOK to increase access and retention of pupils in schools.

The development of Nigeria Education Sector Support Programs (KESSP) is based on the rationale of the overall policy goal of achieving Education For All (EFA) and the Government’s commitment to the attainment of Millennium Development Goals (MDG) as stipulated in Basic Education Act of 2013.

Despite efforts made by the GOK to ensure each child attends school by providing Free Primary Education, there are pupils who still fail to attend school on a regular basis (AEO, Mushin Local Government Area, 2012). Effective Early Childhood Learning Outcomes may not be guaranteed when the rate of absenteeism, repetition and dropouts is high in the division. If Early Childhood Learning Outcomes is not improved in Mushin Local Government Area, then the division will lag behind both in social and economic development in the state.

Anyango (2012) found that teachers’ attitudes, adequacy of teaching- learning resources and girls’ attitude towards education led to poor performance in WAEC among girls in Mushin Local Government Area. Opudo (2012) found that head teachers’ style of management influence the performance of pupils in Lagos state. However, no study known to the researcher has been conducted in Mushin Local Government Area on how the school environment can influence the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. The researcher intended to find out if there is a relationship between school environmental factors and the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes and make recommendations on how to improve them to ensure quality standards are maintained.

1.3 Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of school environmental factors on the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state.

1.4 Objectives of the study

This study was guided by the following objectives.

1. To examine the effect of physical facilities on the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state.

2. To assess how sufficiency of instructional materials can promote the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state.

3. To establish how class size promotes Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state.

4. To determine how school location affects the process of teaching- learning in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state.

1.5 Research questions

The study sought to answer the following research questions;

1. To what extent do physical facilities affect the process of teaching and learning in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state?

2. How does sufficiency of instructional materials promote the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state?

3. How does class size promote Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos state?

4. To what extent does school location affect the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes in public primary schools in Mushin Local Government Area Lagos state?

1.6 Significance of the study

It is hoped that the findings of the study may help school administrators reflect upon various factors that influence the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. In so doing, they could investigate the possibility of introducing those factors to their schools which may consequently lead to reducing absenteeism, dropouts and repetition and consequently effective Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. These findings may also help the government through the Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MOEST) to provide more funds for schools through the FPE kitty for instructional materials and repair and maintenance of the available physical facilities, thus imprsoving the Early Childhood Learning Outcomes. Parents may also use findings from this study to help improve the school facilities by organizing for fundraisers for instance to construct a classroom, laboratory, library among other facilities. Policy makers would use the findings to help them make decisions in developing strategies towards improvement of academic standards. Future researchers would use the study in identifying priority areas and gaps on which to carry more research about public primary schools.

1.7 Limitations of the study

According to Best and Khan (1993) limitations are conditions beyond the ability of the researcher that may place restriction on the conclusions of the study and their application to other situations. The first limitation was on the part of obtaining information from the pupils where some were not willing to give information regarding their behaviour for fear of victimization by their teachers. Efforts were made to assure them of confidentiality on their identities. The other limitation was on the part of the researcher to carry out the research in the whole of Mushin Local Government Area as the topic suggests. The researcher carried out the research in sampled schools.

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BREAKFAST, FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF STUDENT ATTENDING PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOL IN OGBOMOSHO

ABSTRACT

Most adolescents skip breakfast despite its advantages in providing energy and nutrient intake and contributing to high cognition and academic performance. Research on breakfast consumption among adolescents has solely focused on students in high income countries but information is scanty among in-school adolescents in low income countries like Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated the pattern of breakfast consumption and nutritional status among in- school adolescents in secondary schools in Ogbomosho Local Government Area, Oyo State. Nigeria.

The study design was a descriptive cross-sectional survey and multistage random sampling was used to select 299 students from 13 registered secondary schools (6 public and 7 private schools) in Ogbomosho. The study was conducted using a pretested semi-structured self-administered questionnaire which contained 8-point knowledge scale, 11-point perception scale, 24-point breakfast consumption pattern scale, questions relating to factors influencing breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status using Body Mass Index was used for data collection. Knowledge scores 0-4 and >4 were classified as poor and good respectively, perception scores 0-5 and >5 were classified as poor and good respectively, breakfast consumption pattern scores 0-12 and >12 were classified as unhealthy and healthy breakfast consumption pattern respectively while nutritional status was classified using the World Health Organisation classification (underweight: <18.50, normal: 18.50-24.99, overweight: >=25.00 and obese: >=30.00. The data were cleaned, coded and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics such as Chi square at p<0.05.

Results indicated that majority (32.8%) of the respondents were aged 15 years and 36.5% consumed breakfast daily. Nearly half 48.8% reportedly consumed ready-to-eat cereals for breakfast daily and 11.7% eat cooked noodles. Majority (93.6%) of those that consumed breakfast did so to boost their academic performance. A higher proportion of all respondents (63.5%) had infrequent breakfast consumption. Waking up late (51.2%), lack of appetite (39.8%) desire to lose weight (46.8%) and busy schedule (lack of time) (38.5%) were major reasons attributed for skipping breakfast. Two thirds (66.6%) and slightly above half (52.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge and good perception of the health benefits of breakfast consumption respectively. Overall nutritional status of the respondents indicated underweight (17.7%), overweight (30.4%), obese (1.7%) and normal weight (50.2%). Respondents who reportedly consumed healthy breakfast showed better nutritional status as 38.8% had normal weight compared with 11.4% of those that consumed unhealthy breakfast. Statistical significant (P< 0.001) relationship exists between breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status. More than half (57.8%) of the respondents recommended that school breakfast programme should be organized by schools, benefits and negative health effects associated with consuming and skipping breakfast to encourage breakfast consumption practices.

There is a knowledge-practice gap in breakfast consumption. Parents and other stakeholders should encourage nutritious breakfast consumption among adolescents in secondary school setting to meet their daily dietary allowance.

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Breakfast is defined as the first meal that is taken after rising from a nights sleep, most often eaten in the morning before undertaking the days work, typically no later than 10am (Giovannini, Verduci, Scaglioni, Salvatici, Bonza, Riva and Agostoni, 2018) which keeps an individual alert and keep active to work for several hours in a day before lunch break (Arora, Nazar, Gupta, Perry, Reddy and Stigler, 2012; Mathys, Henauw, Bellemans, Maeyer and Backer, 2017 and Reeves, Halsey, McMeel and Huber, 2013). It serves as part of a healthy diet which provides approximately 20% of daily energy requirements (British Dietetic Association, 2010) and has consistently been linked with positive health benefits. Breakfast meal is known to provide key macronutrients and micronutrients in the diet, including B-vitamins, iron and calcium (Ruxton and Kirk, 2023; Chitra and Reddy, 2017; Williams, 2017).

This has been shown in the observation that the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake is lower among adolescents who consume breakfast with those who skip breakfast (Hallstrom, Labayen, Ruiz, Patterson, Vereecken, and Breidenassel, 2013; Hoyland, McWilliams, Duff and Walton, 2012; Ruxton, Kirk, Belton and Holmes, 2023 and Nicklas, Bao, Webber and Berenson, 2023).

Breakfast consumption has been associated with adolescents’ mental and physical health (O’Sullivan, Robinson, Kendall, Miller, Jacoby, Silburn and Oddy, 2013; Pearson, Biddle, and Gorely, 2019), increase ability to concentrate at school due to its effect on blood glucose level thereby enhancing cognition and learning (Bellisle, 2014; Huda and Ruzita, 2011; Obbagy, Patricia and Eve, 2011), reduced risk of developing chronic diseases (World Health Organization, 2013), healthy body mass index and reduced likelihood of obesity development (De la Hunty and Ashwell, 2017; Szajewska and Ruszczynski, 2010), it may also be protective of weight gain over time (Ask, Hernes, Aarek, Johannessen, Haugen, 2016; Albertson, Franko, Thompson, Eldridge, Holschuh, Affenito, Bauserman and Striegel-Moore, 2017).

Skipping of breakfast tends to increase with age after childhood and appears to be most frequent in adolescents (Barton, Eldridge, Thompson, Affenito, Striegel-Moore, Franko, Albertson and Crockett, 2015).

Skipping breakfast is becoming prominent particularly among adolescent girls in secondary schools ((Arora et al., 2012 and Hoyland et al., 2012). Several studies attributed this phenomenon to lower socio economic status, food deprivation, long use of cell-phones and other electronic devices especially at night (Burghardt and Devaney, 2023; Hoyland et al.,2012; Pereira, Erickson, McKee, Schrankler, Raatz, Lytle and Pellegrini, 2011 and Utter, Scragg, Mhurchu and Schaaf, 2017). Adolescents and children are still dependents and they need adequate attention and care in order for them to be able to develop meals and food habits that are healthy and will promote good nutritional status (Lazzeri, Pammolli, Azzolini, Meoni, Simi, Wet and Giacchi, 2013; Nanney, Olaleye, Wang, Motyka and Klund-Schubert, 2011; Story, Pearce, Ashfield-Watt, Wood, Baines and Nelson, 2011 and Wate, Snowdon, Millar, Nichols, Mavoa, Goundar and Swinburn, 2013). People who skip breakfast are more likely to have difficulty concentrating by mid-morning and to experience space in intellectual performance (Keski- Rahkonen, Kaprio, Rissanen, Virkkunen and Rose, 2013 and Nicklas et al., 2014) as well as low physical activity levels (Sandercock, Voss and Dye, 2010). The practice of skipping breakfast may aid the consumption of snacks that are high in fat, salt and sugar (Resnicow, 2023; Berge,

Wall, Larson, Loth, and Neumark-Sztainer, 2013; Feeley and Norris, 2014 and Rodrigues, Pereira, Cunha,Sichieri, Ferreire, Vilela and Goncalves-Silva, 2012) and predisposes them to obesity. Skipping breakfast and Unhealthy food consumption may lead to micro nutrient deficiency and poor nutritional status (Acham, Kikafunda, Malde, Oldewage-Theron and Egal, 2012; Hallstrom et al; 2013 and Pereira et al., 2011). Breakfast skipping in adolescents has also been linked with other unhealthy behaviours, such as frequent alcohol intake, infrequent exercise, smoking (Keski-Rahkonen, Kaprio, Rissanen, Virkkunen, and Rose, 2013).

Majority of the adolescents skip breakfast due to different reasons such as not liking the food served at breakfast, not being hungry in the morning, being on a diet to lose weight, insufficient time to eat, insufficient time to cook, lack of perceived parental emphasis on breakfast, lack of time, poverty, individual choice, not feeling good and loss of appetite (Rampersaud, Pereira, Girard, Adams and Metzl, 2015). Also, unlike children in primary schools, it is believed that most parents of in-school adolescents have lesser control over what they eat. This is because at this stage, less attention is paid to them as it is believed they can take care of themselves. What majority of them eat is largely determined by peer influence, school environment including what is available to them in the school premises or what is provided by the school canteen.

The main problem however arises when the nutritive value of the food, the hygienic condition under which it has been prepared and the portion size of food being taken are compromised which is not certain and unclear among adolescents in our setting. Malnutrition is therefore, a known major contributor to the total global disease burden and the possibility of these adolescents becoming malnourished is very high (Timlin and Pereira, 2018). The students therefore, needs to be educated and reinforced on healthy eating behaviour, healthy choice of food (Hu, Manson, Stampfer, Colditz, Liu, Solomon and Willett, 2011; Sobngwi, Mbanya,

Unwin, Kengne, Fezeu, Minkoulou, Aspray and Alberti, 2012; Key, Schatzkin, Willett, Allen, Spencer and Travis, 2014; Lakka and Bouchard, 2015; Lindstrom, Peltonen and Tuomilehto, 2015) and importance of adequate nutrients intake. Though, the association between breakfast pattern and Nutritional status among University students are widely studied, few or no research has been conducted among in-school adolescents in Nigeria.

Therefore, this study aim to investigate the breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status among in-school secondary school adolescents Ogbomosho Local Government Area, Oyo state.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Breakfast consumption during adolescence is very important for physical growth, psychosocial development, cognitive performance, and prevention of diet-related chronic diseases. Research on breakfast consumption among adolescents has solely been focused on high income countries rather than the patterns of breakfast consumption, its perceived health benefits and nutritional status among in-school adolescent in Low income countries like Nigeria. Irrespective of large number of literature linking breakfast consumption with a generally healthy lifestyle (Ruxton and Kirk, 2023; De la Hunty and Ashwell, 2017), limited information exists that directly relates breakfast consumption to measures of nutritional status and healthy lifestyles among adolescents in Low income countries.

High levels of meal skipping particularly breakfast skipping, has been reported among adolescents worldwide (O’Dea and Caputi, 2011 and Samuelson, 2010). Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 reported that 13-14% of children aged 6 to 11 and 30-31% aged 12-19 are skipping breakfast on any given day (U.S Department of Agriculture).

Skipping of breakfast tends to increase with age after childhood and appears to be most frequent in adolescents (Barton et al., 2015). During the adolescents stage, it has been observed that most parents of in-school adolescents have lesser control over what they eat. This is because at this stage, less attention is paid to them as it is believed they can take care of themselves. What majority of them eat is largely determined by peer influence, school environment including what is available to them in the school premises or what is provided by the school canteen and lack of knowledge of healthy food choices may negatively affect nutritional status and eating habits (Gan, Mohd, Zalilah and Hazizi, 2011). The main problem however arises when the nutritive value of the food, the hygienic condition under which it has been prepared and the portion size of food being taken are compromised which is not certain and unclear among adolescents in our setting. Malnutrition is therefore, a known major contributor to the total global disease burden and the possibility of these adolescents becoming malnourished is very high (Dubois, 2015 and Matthys, 2016).

The consequences of poor nutritional status at the early stage of life can result to depression, lack of self esteem, unconsciousness, anxiety and in extreme condition a premature death among school childfren and adolescents (Acham et al., 2012; Arora et al., 2012; Bhurtun and Jeewon, 2013; Hoyland et al.,2012; Mathys et al., 2017; Pereira et al., 2011 and Utter et al., 2017)

Many research findings on adolescents in secondary schools has reported low fruits and vegetables consumption, increasing snacks and soda drinks consumption, these were attributed to food environments such as inability of parents to eat breakfast with their children and food transition that most less developed countries like Nigeria are currently experiencing (Berge et al., 2013; Feeley and Norris, 2014; Fieischhacker, Evenson, Rodriguez and Ammerman, 2011; Fulkerson, Farbakhsh, Lytle, Hearst, Dengel, Pasch and Kubik, 2011; Giskes, Van Lenthe, Avendano-Pabon and Brug, 2011; Popkin, 2011 and Rodrigues et al., 2012).

The study conducted among adolescents in public secondary schools in Kwara state showed that 23% skipped breakfast (Lateef et al., 2016), 14.1% of adolescents skipped breakfast in a study conducted by Omuemu and Oko-Oboh, (2015). Adolescents who skipped breakfast are reported to have higher daily intakes of fat, cholesterol, and energy, and lower intakes of fiber, vitamins, and minerals in comparison to breakfast eaters, thereby increasing the likelihood of gastrointestinal disease later in life (Timlin and Pereira, 2017).

Skipping breakfast has been linked with adverse effects on cognitive function (including memory), academic performance, psychosocial function, and mood in children and young people (Rampersaud et al., 2015). Reduced breakfast energy intake is associated with higher total daily energy intake (Schusdziarra, Hausmann, Wittke, Mittermeier, Kellner, Naumann, Wagenpfeil and Erdmann, 2011) and when breakfast is skipped it can be difficult to properly compensate for it later in the day.

High prevalence of Obesity and malnutrition is common among adolescents who skip breakfast compare to those who consume breakfast (Keski-Rahkonen et al., 2013; Moy, Johari, Ismail, Mahad, Tie and Wan Ismail, 2019). Research has linked the consumption of breakfast with adolescents mental and physical health (O’Sullivan, Robinson, Kendall, Miller, Jacoby, Silburn and Oddy, 2018; Pearson et al., 2019).

1.3 Justification

It is necessary to promote and encourage a healthy eating breakfast pattern in adolescents. This study aims to investigate the breakfast consumption pattern (Behaviours, Beliefs, Motivations, and Personal and Environmental Influences) and nutritional status among in-school adolescents Ogbomosho Local Government Area, Oyo state. Providing information on nutrition and the eating habits of adolescents is important in order to identify risky and unhealthy behaviour in this age group and advocate to parents and care givers to ensure the provision of breakfast for their school adolescents.

Moreover such information will guide educational ministries to develop new policy frame work or adjust the existing framework to meet the current food and health situations so as to bring about positive changes in breakfast consumption and to reduce the occurrence and development of chronic Non communicable diseases later in life. Conducting this study will also provide answers to the study questions below.

1.4. Research Questions

a. What is the level of respondents knowledge on breakfast consumption and its perceived health benefits?

b. What is the perception of respondents on breakfast consumption and its health benefits?

c. What are the breakfast consumption patterns among the respondents?

d. What are the factors influencing breakfast consumption pattern among the respondents?

e. What is the nutritional status using Body Mass Index (BMI) among the respondents?

1.5. Broad Objective

To investigate the breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status among in-school adolescents in Ogbomosho Local Government Area, Oyo state.

1.6. Specific Objectives

a. To assess the level of knowledge of the respondents on breakfast consumption and its perceived health benefits.

b. To explore the perception of respondents on breakfast consumption and its health benefits

c. To determine breakfast consumption pattern among the respondents.

d. To identify factors influencing breakfast consumption pattern among the respondents.

e. To determine the nutritional status using Body Mass Index (BMI) among the respondents.

1.7. Research Hypotheses

a. There is no significant relationship between breakfast consumption pattern and nutritional status among the respondent.

b. There is no significant relationship between the level of knowledge of the perceived health benefits of breakfast consumption and pattern of breakfast consumption among respondents.

c. There is no significant relationship between breakfast consumption pattern and family structure of respondents.

d. There is no significant relationship between breakfast consumption pattern and gender of respondents.

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