tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14452140095509744582024-03-13T03:04:15.639+01:00Project Topics and Materials | Download Free Research ProjectsDownload Research Project Topics and Materials from all Fields at ProjectReserve.com :: +2348066484965.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger5934125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-54657825023838090322023-10-19T16:39:00.004+01:002023-10-19T16:39:20.883+01:00PERCEPTION AND UTILIZATION OF FAMILY PLANNING SERVICE AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN SELECTED PRIMARY HEALTH CARE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">The purpose of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude in the acceptance of family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was used for this study and the sample size consisted of 384 respondents. To achieve this purpose, a researcher developed questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. The population of the study comprised of 72,844 women of reproductive age. The instrument was vetted by five jurors from the Departments of Physical and Health Education and Nursing Sciences. Three hundred and eighty four (384) copies of questionnaire were distributed to the respondents. Three hundred and seventy nine (379; 98.7%) were adequately filled and retrieved from respondents. Five (5; 1.3%) copies of questionnaire were not filled correctly and therefore, those were not used. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed which comprised of; stratified, simple random, purposive, proportionate sampling procedure. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages, mean and standard deviation. To test the formulated hypotheses, one sample t-test was used. All the formulated null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance. The results of the study revealed that mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria have significant knowledge of family planning with a t-value of 3.201 (p-value of 0.021). The findings further showed that mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos state do not have significant attitude towards family planning with t-value of 1.291 and p-value of 0.18, finally the results of the study revealed that mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos State do not significantly practice family planning with a (p-value of 1.05).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The act of giving birth is the most serious labour in the world (Ademowore, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The explosive increase in the nation‟s population emanating from indiscriminate childbearing, apart from a small number of privileged and conscientious countries that have succeeded in reducing the population growth, each pregnancy and birth remains a risk fatal experience for hundreds of millions of women worldwide.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Family planning is a means by which individuals or couples space the process of conception, pregnancy and childbirth in intervals, mutually determined by both husband and wife in order to have desired number of children that they can conveniently cater for their needs (Delano, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Ahmed (2014), Family Planning is the factor that may be considered by a couple in a committed relationship and each individual involved in deciding if and when to have children. Though, rarely articulated, family planning may involve consideration of the number of children a couple wish to have as well as the age at which they wish to have them. Family Planning are obviously influenced by external factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, any disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them, beside many other considerations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">World Health Organization (2011), describe family planning as a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes, and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2012) estimates that 287,000 material deaths occurred in 2010, sub-Saharan Africa (56%) and southern Asia (29%) accounted for the global burden of maternal deaths.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">National Demography Health Survey (2012), reported in Nigeria on maternal mortality rate, revealed that, 600,000 women died in agony every year. It is not an exaggeration to say that the issue of maternal mortality, fast in its conspiracy of silence in scale and severity, the most neglected tragedy of our time. Also 585,000 women die during pregnancy and child birth, and result from often pregnancy and child bearing.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym for the use of birth control; however, it often includes a wide variety of methods, and practices that are for birth control. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as child-spacing). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. The pervasive problem presently is population rapid growth, especially in developing countries where this population growth matters, because it has enormous impact on the human life. It will not be wrong to say that the most urgent conflict facing the contemporary world today is not between the states of ideologies but between the pace of growth of the human race and the disproportionate increase in the production of resources, necessary to support mankind in peace, prosperity and dignity (Sehgal, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Odimegwu (2011) Opined that, rapid growth of population is not caused by any single reason, but it is obvious that how crucial the demographic factor can be in the political stability and the socio-economic development of a country. It has now universally recognized that a massive population size, its rapid growth rate, and its controlled transfer of population from rural areas to the cities can create pressure on the resources of a country, adversely affecting its economic prosperity. There is convincing evidence that poverty incidence is always higher among larger households.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Indeed, Orbeta (2010); figured out an enduring positive association between family size and poverty incidence and severity. Studies by Orbeta (2010) also showed how a large family size creates the conditions leading to greater poverty through its negative impact on household saving, labour force participation. Earnings of parents, as well as on the human capital investment in children. Besides, it is stated that uncontrolled population growth is recognized as the single most important impediment to national development. Although population growth is not the only problem dividing rich and poor countries, it is one important variable that has widened the gap in growth in per capital income between developed and developing nations. Advocates of birth control see it as a means to prevent the personal and social pressures that result from rapid population growth (Encyclopedia, 2013). Family planning services are defined as “Educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved (Maisamari, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Generally, it is because of this over population of the family has resulted to unhealthy, the unemployed, the ill-educated and the under-fed, which has no small measures aggravated crime rate as the populace are left with no better option, than involving themselves in various notorious and corrupt practiced earn a timing. With the recognition and consideration of the consequence of population explosion it is obvious that family planning remains the only acceptable and practicable option for the reduction of incessant population growth. Family planning is the process of choosing the number of children in a family and the length of time between their births. It involves adoption of contraceptive devices to prevent unwanted pregnancies and thereby determining the number and spacing of children in the family (Encarta, 2010). Also family planning practices is therefore, the various ways of controlling births which may not conform to the approved standard either as a result of ignorance or apathy, couples ignorance and wrong perception of family planning, has created a rat-race situation where survival is for the fittest; (Agbakuribe, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the recent increase in contraceptive use, Nigeria is still characterized by high levels of fertility and a considerable unmet need for contraception. The total fertility rate in Nigeria is 6.0 births per women and considerably higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. Hence, men should be actively involved at the knowledge level (the concept of family planning), the supportive level (being supportive for other to use contraception) and the “acceptor” level, (as contraceptive user). Their decision-making role should be taken into account in order to promote family planning. Research indicates that accepting pregnancy, knowledge on different methods choice, and the understanding of the side effects of different methods are among the factors related to family planning.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Knowledge of family planning is a key variable in any discussion of fertility regulation and in the evaluation of family planning program. Acquiring knowledge about family planning is an important step toward gaining access to and then using suitable contraceptive methods in a timely and effective manner. Information of knowledge of family planning will help the couples to avoid or delay pregnancy; (Umar, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Knowledge is facts, information and skills acquired through experiences or Knowledge of family planning – this consisted of knowledge of modern contraceptives source of information about family planning, sex education ins school and sexual transmitted diseases STDs the alarming rate of indiscriminate child bearing emanated from lack of knowledge of family planning (Chingpaye, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Contraceptive almost killed me if I were not educated. I`m sure I would have died (34 year old undergraduate women). The ascertain above corroborated what Hellandendu (2013) said in the study of violence against females. The research observed of artificial fertility regulation techniques are perpetuated by economic; political and gender structure in contemporary societies most of which work to the detriment of women. This is so because most of the artificial contraceptives are directed towards women which have detrimental health effects. Therefore, this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is no doubt that Nigeria is one of the most populous country in Africa. The researcher observed that the problem of many children per family contributes to poverty, unhealthy, under-fed and ill-educated. The researcher observed that frequent birth by women of reproductive age had been associated to a serious health problem to women of reproductive age and their children; the health of women of reproductive age is in coma due to frequent discharge of blood which is not regained before the conception of another pregnancy; and this accounted for thousands of deaths of women in Lagos state. Fertility in the country remains high with a total fertility of 6.0 births per women and considerably higher in the rural areas than in the Urban (Population Bureau, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Maternal mortality is high due to the short interval of pregnancy which amounted to births related cases, this trends has causes pre-term birth (birth within 37 weeks of pregnancy) low birth weight (child birth less than 2,500grams) and infant morbidity in the rural area for instance in Lagos state. The weaned children are in a serious health condition because the period for normal breast feeding is lacking, thereby resulting to low immunity that prone to contagious diseases.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In spite of the importance of population growth to the society, couples, cultural resistance to child-spacing has brought about numerous social problems like indiscriminate child bearing, unwanted pregnancies, high rate of infant morbidity, drop-out from schools, and the low standard of living which has been on the increase with poverty also contributing to the incidence where families continue to reproduce uncontrollably because, of the believe that. It is a taboo to regulate fertility; these ugly threat has been observed by the researcher in Lagos state; Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) (2012), estimated on maternal mortality rate that 600,000 women died every year out of 585,000 women died during pregnancy and child birth, to break this vicious threats in our various rural areas. This study is out to assess knowledge, attitude in the acceptance of family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. This is to know whether women of reproductive age have knowledge about family planning, their attitude and practice towards family planning.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Purpose of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, in the acceptance of family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. The specific purposes of the study are to assess:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. the knowledge on family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. the attitude of women of child bearing age towards family planning in Ikorodu, Lagos state, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. the practice of family planning among mothers in Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is proposed to answer the following research questions:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. what is the knowledge of women of child bearing age about family planning in Ikorodu, Lagos State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. what is the attitude of women of child bearing age towards family planning in Ikorodu, Lagos State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. what is the practice of family planning among women of reproductive age in Ikorodu, Lagos State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The result of this study will be beneficial to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The health educators in planning awareness program for the client, thereby creating enlighten to the client in making decision that are related to family planning methods.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Findings of this study will enable the client to benefit from the awareness programs that are provided by the health educators in areas that are related to family planning methods.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Findings of this study will sensitize the policy makers in creating policies that would support family planning practices.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Findings of this study will help tremendously in reducing mortality and morbidity through the awareness program on issues or family planning and unwanted pregnancies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Findings of this study would contribute to the body of knowledge for Researchers and other educational purposes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">On the basis of the research questions, the following hypotheses were formulated for the purpose of this study:</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; 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UNEMPLOYMENT, AND ITS EFFECT IN THE SOCIETY - CASE STUDY OF FCT ABUJA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study examined the societal effects and the causes of unemployment in Abuja. The study indicated that unemployment has many negative effects to the society, economy, family, and individuals. From the response got from the questionnaires revealed that unemployment leads to poverty, low productivity, losses in foreign direct investment, low revenue generation, rural urban migration, illicit activities which increases insecurity, anti-social activities such as armed robbery, prostitution, political thuggery, violence, kidnapping, restiveness and other social vices evident among the unemployed youths and this constitutes danger to the stability, growth and development of the state. The research concludes that, addressing the problems of unemployment, must involve all stakeholders. Suggestions from the analysis therefore, are that effective policy measures such as re-prioritization or revitalization of agricultural sector, reformation of educational system, provision of enabling environment and building of industries be pursued vigorously which will drastically reduce unemployment and poverty as well as eradicate the menace of unemployment in Abuja.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Globally, the world is experiencing mass unemployment of qualified and able-bodied youths and these have generated much concern for both governmental and non-governmental organizations, public and private sectors of the economy. The global economic recession of the 1980’s has caused rapid deterioration in Nigeria’s economic industrial output. In the 60’s and 70’s unemployment was not pronounced like today because the government then were proactively involved in providing jobs for graduates churning out from various higher institutions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Over the years, unemployment has taken a centre stage in most socials and economic discourse in Nigeria because the youths remain the greatest asset and the life wire of any nation. Youth employment in any nation is universally acknowledged as the basic source of survival and economic development (Ajaji, 2008). The central issue in societal development is how to create conditions necessary for rapid and sustained growth and productivity where, the ultimate goal is to improve people’s quality of life and standard through production of goods and services at affordable prices, provision of basic infrastructures, reduce poverty, create employment opportunities and conducive political, religious, social and economic environment. (Echeriri, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, unemployment is soaring high despite laudable programmes provided by federal, states and local governments to curb the growing concern of joblessness among the teeming population of the country. Several governments both past and present have tried to solve this issue but day to day it increases. President Ibrahim Babangida’s regime from (1984-1993) was the first administration to be confronted with mass unemployment which led to introduction of National Directorate of Employment (NDE) to tackle the scourge of unemployment but to no avail. President Olusegun Obasanjo’s administration (1999-2007) came up with the national Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) but could not solve this menace.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">President Umaru Yaradua’s administration (2007-2010) with the view of solving this problem initiated the seven (7) points agenda, yet no meaningful achievement was recorded and President Goodluck Jonathan (2011-2015) administration launched Youth Enterprise with New Innovations (YOUWIN) and Alhaji Bolaji Abdulahji the minister of youth also organized a youth forum to help youths realize their goals in life, still there is high prevalence of unemployment in the Nigerian Sectors (Ikemefula, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The level of unemployment in Nigeria as well as Abuja appears to grow in geometric progression every year, in contrast to its regional neighbours most of whom have far less resources. Anameza (2000), stated that Nigeria will have no prospect of measurable development or of improving the welfare of its people; unless it enhances the chances of employment for its graduates. The menace of unemployment has increasingly been recognized as one of the societal problems currently facing many developing countries like Nigeria and Africa as a whole.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Abuja, with a population of over 4 million people and a vast spread of natural resource endowment has the potential to be the source of growth and prosperity for the whole region. The unemployment problem in Abuja remains persistent and even growing by the day with labour force approximately 70% persons (mostly youths) annually moving into job market (Adelodun, 2006). Statistics of unemployment seems to consist, not of uneducated rural populations, who have been uprooted by failing agricultural production resulting from the absence of mechanization and decreasing incomes but also of some highly educated populations, as well, who normally, would form the core of the productive vanguard in a developing country. In other words, many of Nigeria’s unemployed and consequently poor are well educated even by European and American standards. Nigeria’s underemployment and low productivity constitute a vicious cycle that explains the endemic poverty in the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Overall, unemployment in Abuja has affected youths from a broad spectrum of societal groups, both of well and less educated, although it has particularly stricken a substantial fraction of youths from low income backgrounds and limited education. From the foregoing, it is obvious that unemployment, especially the unemployment of graduates, impedes the progress of Abuja in many ways. Apart from economic waste, it also constitutes danger for political stability (Ipaye, 1998). It is disturbing to note that Nigeria’s graduates have limited chance of becoming gainfully employed. It is even more disheartening that the country’s economic condition is such that, it is hardly able to absorb an optimal proportion of the production of its own educational system. Gone are the days when employers went about looking for employees. It is now the turn of employees to move from one office to the other seeking for non-existent jobs. These days, thousands of young people are found waiting to be interviewed for just one, two or few vacant positions in some organizations or firms. Most people who cannot earn their living are prone to social vices. They look at themselves as second-class citizens for being unable to contribute to the society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Abuja faced high rates of unemployment thereby leading to social vices and insecurity in the state. In FCT, the only means of survival is politics, civil service, trading and farming. No day passes by without seeing youths roaming about the streets in various offices and business centres in search of job, through advertisement in various mass media such as Newspapers, Magazines, Handbills, posters, Billboards, Radio and Television announcements. Youths all over the country spend much time and huge amount of money surfing through the internet in search of job and some being tired in searching for job and labeled as idle ones have joined bad gangs and are involved in criminal activities and prostitution.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Unemployment is defined as young ones within the age of 18 – 35 years who are living in absolute joblessness. It also means young ones who are willing and able to work but cannot find work. Under-employment on the other hand, refers to people who are gainfully employed but not financially rewarded to authenticate their suffering and qualification (Onuh, 2011). Unemployment and underemployment has seriously confronted youths in Abuja. These are caused by several factors such as: rural-urban migration, corruption, socio-cultural constraints, poor educational system and high turnover of graduates from secondary and higher institutions, increase in government spending on political office holders. The state of unemployment can even lead to depression, low self-esteem, frustration and a number of other negative consequences (Ipaye, 1998).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Unemployment is a crucial issue in FCT because the youth constitute a major part of the labour force and they have innovative ideas, which among other factors are important in the development process of the country. A large proportion of the youths however are unemployed. The negative consequences include psychological problems of frustration, depression, hostility and gradual drift of some visible unemployed youths into all manner of criminal behaviours (Okafor, 2011). Unemployment in FCT generally is indeed a pathetic situation that calls for urgent attention, to address the societal effects accompanied by it.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is on this background that the study is undertaken with the view of examining the societal effect of unemployment in Abuja using FCT as a case study and suggesting ways of improving and ameliorating unemployment in Abuja.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Unemployment in Abuja is alarming as the rate is growing geometrically. Unemployment in the state is becoming unbearable as it threatens the growth of the state. It is apparent that youths in any society are the greatest assets of national development if given the opportunity of employment. Due to non-availability of ample employment opportunity in the state, the teeming youths with vibrant energy cannot contribute effectively and efficiently to the economic growth and development of the state but rather utilizes such energy in unacceptable means of satisfying their needs, wants and goals in life by engaging themselves in social vices such as armed robbery, kidnapping, violence, political thuggery, cybercrimes, fraud (419), murder, killing human beings and drug trafficking, with prostitution as the only means of survival. Our present society is not helping matters as it places much emphasis and values on materialism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The problem of unemployment in FCT and the state has also affected the local government area, individuals, families, communities, society and government, and has indeed hindered the societal growth and development of FCT and the state, thereby challenging the leadership and people of Abuja as it brings about poverty, high crime rates and deviant behaviours, malnutrition, poor health condition which later results in high death rates (Brown, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The problems of unemployment are so devastating that Nwodo, (2011) wants the Federal and State Government to urgently address the growing issues of unemployment, insecurity and other social vices rampaging our country. Today, the numerous problems associated with unemployment are so enormous that Njoku (1997) asserted “Nothing can be more disturbing to an independent nation than a preponderance of unemployed youths”. Hence, Okoro, (2001) says “restive youths without employment, good housing and other decent conditions of living are bound to become miscreants in the society and deviant behavior will soon become the order of the day in their lives”. To this end Umanah, (2011), pointed out that unemployment has inflicted unprecedented social and economic havoc. It has both social, economic, political, health and psychological consequences on the individual and the society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is these seemingly insurmountable problems that necessitate this academic work, to ascertain the extent of the societal effects of unemployment in Abuja. The work will only focus on the state capital which is FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of this study is to find out the effects and consequence of unemployment on the societal life and activities of Abuja. In view of this, the specific objectives of the research work are as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine the effects of unemployment and armed robbery situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To examine the effects of unemployment on the kidnapping situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To find out the extent unemployment has affected the societal well being of the individuals of FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following constitutes the research questions for the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What are the effects of unemployment and the level of armed robbery attacks in Abuja?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What are the effects of unemployment on the level of kidnapping situations in FCT?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What are the consequences of unemployment in Abuja?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Following the objectives of the study as outlined in section 1.3 and the research question as outlined in 1.4, the research hypotheses are as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Ho: There is no significant relationship between unemployment and armed robbery situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: There is significant relationship between unemployment and armed robbery situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Ho: There is no significant relationship between unemployment and kidnapping situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: There is significant relationship between unemployment and kidnapping situation in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Ho: There are no consequences of unemployment in FCT.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: There are consequences of unemployment in FCT.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Public Administration </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/public-administration-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">62 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-27578545548826024042023-10-19T16:28:00.004+01:002023-10-19T16:28:26.055+01:00FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERN AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF BUS DRIVERS IN EGBU OWERRI NORTH LGA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of this study was to compare anthropometry and food intake patterns in bus drivers working during the day and night. One hundred and fifty males (81 night workers and 69 day workers) participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Measurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile were obtained. A significant difference between groups was observed for mean WC (98.5 ± 10.7 cm in day workers versus 103.2 ± 9.7 cm in night workers; p 0.005). Night workers had higher prevalence of being overweight and obese (BMI 25 kg/m2) than day workers (78.2% day workers versus 90.2% night workers; p 0.004) and increased WC (494 cm) (72.4% day workers versus 86.4% night workers; p 0.03). Significant differences were found for meat consumption (2.3 servings ±0.9 for night workers versus 2.0 servings ±0.7 day workers, p 0.04) and fruit intake (0.9 servings ±0.4 for night workers versus 0.7 servings for day workers ±0.5; p 0.006). Night workers had a lower intake of vegetables than recommended compared to day workers (100 versus 92.7%, respectively, p 0.01) and higher intake of oil (40.7 versus 24.6%, p 0.03). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that night work was associated with being overweight (OR 2.94, 95% IC: 1.14–7.66, p 0.03) and abnormal values of WC (OR 2.82, 95% IC: 1.20–6.69, p 0.009) after adjusting for potential confounders. It is concluded that night workers had a higher prevalence and risk of being overweight/obese and increased WC compared with day workers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Night workers also presented a higher proportion of inappropriate intakes of food groups when compared to day workers, even though both groups were eating poor diets. These results demonstrate the need of lifestyle-intervention programs in these workers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">19:00 and 6:00 h (Monk & Folkard, 1992) and often refers to an arrangement of alternating day shifts, evening shifts and/or night shifts. Regarding the night shifts, most of working hours take place between 22:00 and 6:00 h (Akerstedt, 1998). Recent evidence has shown that shift work affects 420% of the working population in the world (De Bacquer et al., 2009). No comparative data are available for the total population of Brazil, but research performed in the area around the city of Sao Paulo has suggested that 11% of the working population does shift work (Fischer et al., 1995).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Evidence from the literature indicates that night work is associated with several health problems, including metabolic and nutritional disorders such as diabetes (Dochi et al. 2009; Guo et al., 2013; Karlsson et al., 2003; Pietroiusti et al., 2010), dyslipidemias (Karlsson et al., 2001; Monk & Buysse, 2013; Romon et al., 1992), metabolic syndrome (Esquirol et al., 2009; Li et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2009; Pietroiusti et al., 2010; Szosland, 2010) and, particularly, obesity (Amani & Gill, 2013; Di Lorenzo et al., 2003; Karlsson et al., 2001; van Amelsvoort et al., 1999).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Weight gain in these workers has been associated with several mechanisms, including poor diet (Geliebter et al., 2000; Mota et al., 2013), sedentary lifestyle (French et al., 1994; Mota et al., 2013), short sleep duration (Macagnan et al., 2012; Mota et al., 2013) and desyn- chronization of circadian rhythms (McDonald et al., 2013). From the nutritional point of the view, it has been reported that shift workers exhibit an altered nutritional intake (De Assis et al., 2003a; Mota et al., 2013; Pasqua & Moreno, 2004; Waterhouse et al., 2003), including an excessive number of eating events per day (De Assis et al., 2003b), high calorie intake (French et al., 1994), and increased consumption of saturated fat and foods with a high glycemic index (Di Lorenzo et al., 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Studies have demonstrated that workers from the transportation industry also present high proportions of being overweight and obese (Hirata et al., 2012; Winkleby et al., 1988), but these findings have been associated weight gain with shift work. Nevertheless, overweight and obese individuals have presented higher rates of mortality, morbidity and absenteeism rates due to their adiposity (Hirata et al., 2012; Winkleby et al., 1988). A study carried out in USA and involving4600 000 workers found the highest prevalence of obesity among male employees who worked in highway transportation services (31.7%) (Caban et al., 2005). In Brazil, Hirata et al. (2012) found that over half the population of drivers (57.5%) was characterized as overweight and ~20% was considered obese, 77.5% of the total sample having excess weight.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Although a few studies suggest that professional drivers have dietary habits that predispose towards obesity (Cavagioni, 2006; Marqueze et al., 2012), the qualitative food intake patterns of drivers on different work schedules is poorly described in the literature. Based on this, the hypothesis of this study is that bus drivers who work at night exhibit a poor diet and higher proportions of obesity when compared with those who work in the daytime. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare anthropometry and food intake patterns of bus drivers working during the day or night.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nutrition forms the foundation for human health and development across all stages of the life course. Almost one in three people on the planet grapple with a lack of adequate nutrition, making this one of the most devastating problems to face the global community. (WHO, 2015). Adequate nutrition in an individual is important for both current and future health, as this period is perhaps the only window of opportunity for the catch-up nutrition needed to prevent a vicious inter-generational effect of malnutrition World Health Organization, (WHO, 2015). According to WHO in 2014, every country in the world is affected by one or more forms of malnutrition. Combating malnutrition in all it forms is one of the greatest global health challenges. Around 45% of death among individuals are linked to undernutrition. These mostly occur in low and middle-income countries. At the same time, in these countries, rates of overweight and obesity are rising (United Nation, 2012). Also, malnutrition increases health care costs, reduces productivity and lows economic growth, which can perpetuate a cycle of poverty and ill-health (WHO, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Globally, people are consuming foods and drinks that are more energy dense (high in sugar and fats), and engaging in less physical activity. Unhealthy diet and poor nutrition are among the top risk factors for diet -related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and diabetes globally (United Nation, 2016). Unhealthy eating habits have contributed to the obesity epidemic in the United States: about one-third of U.S. adults (33.8%) are obese and approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of college Bus drivers are obese (Centre for Diseases Control, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Dietary pattern (DP) is the general profile of food and nutrients consumption which is characterized on the basis of the usual eating habits (World Health Organization WHO, 2015). The assessment of dietary patterns gives a more comprehensive impression of the food consumption habits within a population. It may be better at predicting the risk of disease than the analysis of isolated nutrients or food because the joint effect of various nutrients involved would be better identified (Hu, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Patterns of nutritional behavior adopted in Bus drivers are mostly continued in adults life and increased the risk of development of many chronic disease (Kpakaskrzypczak et al. 2012). Diet in childhood and Bus driver have Agric Department health implication due to evidence relating poor nutrition in childhood to subsequent obesity and elevated risk for type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (Canete, Gil-Campos, Aguilera, and Gil, 2007) which are increasing in prevalence (WHO, 2004).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nutritional status is the sum total at an individual anthropemetric indices as influenced by intake and utilization of nutrients, which is determined from information obtained by physical, biochemical and dietary studies (UN, 2015). It is a result of interrelated factors influenced by quality and quantity of food consumed and the physical health of the individual. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is an important, period for establishing behavioural patterns that effect long term health and chronic disease risk (Meg small, Bailey-Davis and Maggs, 2012). University Bus drivers seem to be the most affected by this nutritional transition (Baldini, Pasqui, Bordoni and Maranesi 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Adequate nutrition promotes good nutritional status and thus satisfies the requirement to good physical health hence the risk of malnutrition is increased with unhealthy dietary habit and practice (Adamu et al, 2012). Nutritional status has a great impact on the learning capacity of children on their productivity as adults as well as and on their quality of life in general (Flynn et al, 2006). According to the United Nation nearly 870 million people of the 1.7 billion in the world or one in eight suffered from chronic undernourishment in 2010 to 2012. Almost all the hungry people, 852 million, live in developing countries. In Africa nearly one in four people are hungry; the number of hungry people grew over this period from 175 to 220 million, with nearly, 20million added in the last few years only 16 million undernourished people resides in the developed countries (FAO, 2012). It is believed that almost one third of children and Bus driver in developing countries are malnourished (FAO, 2015). Contrary to widely held notion that malnutrition is due to poverty, anecdotal evidence suggest that this may be caused by people choosing to eat that the wrong types of food, rather than lack of what to eat which reflect the lifestyle of most undergraduate (Tropy, 2004) many bus drivers encounter numerous health risk and bear the brunt of undernutrition and suffer the highest risk of disability and death associated with it. Even feeding them later in life in too letter, too expensive and too late to improve nutrition or future productivity (World Bank, 2008). About 60% of young people who die from common disease like malaria and diarrheas would not have died if they are not under nourished in the first place as a result of their dietary habit (WHO, 2016). In 2001 54% of all mortality was attributed directly or indirectly only a small part of the total disease burden due to malnutrition from the choice of eating habit (Salem and Hamza, 2005). These unhealthy habit can lead to undernourishment or overnourishment with the resistant increase in the susceptibility of avoidable disease. University Bus drivers seem to be the most affected by this nutrition transition. Studies from developed countries have shown that young adult leaving their parent and living away from home to attend college experience numerous health related behavioral changes, including the adoption of unhealthy dietary habit (Ajala, 2006). These behaviour are attributed to drastic, changes in the environment and resources available, frequent exposure to unhealthy, food and habits leading to higher consumption of high calories snacks, fast foods and lower consumption of fruit and vegetable, added to this skipping meals may also become frequent. (Achinihu, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Evidence shows that providing information on eating habit and on nutritional status result in improved health. Despite this recognition poverty and lack of clear policy on eating habit and nutritional status assessment make it difficult for Bus drivers to monitor and moderate their eating habit result in malnutrition. Therefore, this study seeks to assess dietary pattern and nutritional status among bus drivers in Imo state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 General Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of this study is to assess dietary pattern and nutritional status among bus drivers in Imo state University.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Specific Objective of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Aim</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of this study is to assess dietary intake pattern and nutritional status of Bus drivers in Imo State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Specific Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(1) To document demographic characteristics of Bus drivers, Imo State</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(2) To determine nutritional status and Physical activity Levels of Bus drivers in Imo State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(3) To assess dietary pattern of the Bus drivers using Food Frequency Questionnaires.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(4) To determine serum iron, zinc and copper of Bus drivers attending Food and nutrition in Imo State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The result of the study will provide information that may be used to design and improve on nutritional service provision in school based on health care, especially in Imo state. Non- governmental organization (NGOs) may use the finding to improve on nutrition services to people in the society. Result on dietary pattern and nutritional status together with recommendation that will be given will provide solution on how to encourage bus drivers to exhibit healthy eating habit behavior researcher and academicians may further develop area for research based on the findings from this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Limitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Many of the bus drivers may not like to give information on their dietary pattern and nutritional, status and therefore so much time will be spent in the field to explain the benefit of this study to the undergraduate Bus driver to encourage participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Operational Definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Assessment: Refers to the act of evaluating.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Dietary pattern: Simply refers to food consumption habits within a population.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nutrition: Is the science of food and it relationship to health.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nutrition status: Is the sum total of an individual food intake both in terms of quantity and quality and also by the physical health of the individual.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Body mass index: Refers to weight in (kg) over height in metre square (m²).</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Nutrition & Dietetics </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/nutrition-and-dietetics-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">43 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-11572347763196751832023-10-19T16:25:00.003+01:002023-10-19T16:25:23.910+01:00EFFECTS OF NUTRITIONAL DISEASE ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHILD 0-5 YEARS IN UNGUWAR ZANGO IN YAURI TOWN (KWASHIORKOR AND MARASMUS)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Prevalence and determinants of nutritional disease among 499 under-five (U5) children and their mothers (496) in Unguwar Zango, Yauri Town was investigated through a cross- sectional survey using cluster sampling techniques based on probability proportion to size of Emergency Nutrition Assessment (ENA) for Standardized Monitoring and Assessment for Relief and Transitions (SMART) methodology. Malnutrition in the study area is unacceptably high with Global and Severe Acute Malnutrition at 12.8% and 5.4% respectively, stunting at 40.3% and underweight at 24.4%. For the mothers only 1.9% were underweight with about half (46%) overweight / obessed. Crude death rate was fifty-nine deaths per thousand live births (59/1000) with U5 years children mortality rate of 78/1000 and morbidity rate 17.2%. Majority of the children (79.5%) had fever, followed by cough (32.5%), malaria (29.8%), diarrhoea (27.3%). Mean U5 years children serum concentrations of Iron, Zinc, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin A, Vitamin D and Haemoglobin levels respectively are 80.50±17.90µg/dl, 164.9±105.1mg/dl, 8.4±1.3mg/dl, 6.4±2.2mg/dl, 229.8±33.0 nmol/L, 89.1±82.1µg/L, 11.7±1.4g/dl, while that of their mothers are 85.69±30.69µg/dl, 153.76±97.28mg/dl, 8.54±0.98mg/dl, 5.82±1.90mg/dl, 131.76±130.98nmol/L, 118.11±115.28 µg/L, 12.55±1.03g/dl respectively. Feeding practices shows 30.6% initiated breastfeeding within 30 minutes of birth and 22.4% exclusively breastfed for up to 6 months. Determinants of nutritional disease at P< 0.05 include childcare, place of delivery, immunization status, early initiation to breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding practices, use of colostrum and age. There is high prevalence of double burden of nutritional disease among under-five children and their mothers in Unguwar Zango with multifactorial determinants.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Malnutrition is insufficient, excessive or imbalanced consumption of dietary energy and nutrients. It manifests in different forms, such as undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrients malnutrition and results from either inadequate or excessive availability of energy and nutrients (Brown et al., 2011). Malnutrition can occur in two forms; Primary malnutrition which results when a poor nutritional state is dietary in origin and secondary malnutrition is precipitated by a diseased state, surgical procedure, or medication. Diarrheoa, alcoholism, AIDS, and gastrointestinal tract bleeding are examples of conditions that may cause secondary malnutrition (Brown et al., 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Malnutrition in early childhood is associated with functional impairment in adult life as malnourished children are physically and intellectually less productive when they become adults. It decreases the educational achievement, labour productivity and economic growth of a country. Children that are malnourished tend to have increased risk of morbidity and mortality and often suffer delayed mental development, poor school performances and reduced intellectual achievement. Concurrent high levels of nutritional disease worsen the health status and development potential of a child (Smith and Haddad, 1999).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Globally, nutritional status is considered the best indicator of the well-being of an individual (Dasgupta et al., 2014). The nutritional status of a child is of particular concern because, early years of life are crucial for future growth and development. Under-five children represent the vulnerable and the most important target group where malnutrition </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">plays a pivotal role in their mortality and morbidity along with delayed mental and motor development during these formative years (Dasgupta et al., 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A widely used conceptual framework published by UNICEF in 1990 identifies three main underlying determinants of nutritional status: availability and access to food, the quality of feeding and care giving practices, and the health of the surrounding environment and access to health care services. Each of these determinants is a necessary but not sufficient condition on its own to good nutrition (ARDD World Bank, 2007)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Research Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The challenges of hunger and inadequate intake of food nutrients which hampers the nutritional status of children and women still remains an issue of concern in Nigeria. Worldwide, almost 7 million children die each year before they reach their fifth birthday, while India (24%) and Nigeria (11%) together account for more than one-third of all under- five deaths. Globally, undernutrition is responsible, directly or indirectly, for at least 35% of deaths in children less than 5 years of age (WHO, 2010; You et al., 2011; UNICEF, 2014). The under – 5 mortality rate in Nigeria is 128 deaths per 1000 live births, which implies that one in every eight children born die before reaching their fifth birthday (NDHS, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) revealed that under-5 mortality rate decreased from 201 deaths per 1,000 live births to 128 deaths per 1,000 live births from 2003 to 2013 (NDHS, 2003; NDHS, 2013). However, Nigeria did not achieve the millennium development goals (MDGs) target of reducing the under-5 mortality to 64 deaths per 1,000 live births and the infant mortality to 30 deaths per 1,000 live births (FMOH, 2014).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The estimated maternal mortality ratio in Nigeria of 545 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2008 has increased to 576 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2013 (NDHS, 2008; NDHS, 2013). The NDHS (2008) also reported that 12% of Nigerian women are too thin, but 22% are overweight or obese. The proportion of overweight women is almost twice as high in urban areas as in rural areas (31% compared with 17%) and increases with age, education, and wealth.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Micronutrients deficiencies in Nigeria has remained a great public health concern. The last national Food consumption and micronutrient survey conducted over a decade ago 2001- 2003, 29.5% of preschool children had Vitamin A deficiency, 24.8% of Nigerian children under 5 suffered from marginal vitamin A deficiency while 8% of pregnant women in Nigeria had night blindness. About 20% of the population were at risk of inadequate intake of zinc, 76.1% of pre-school children, 62% non-pregnant women and 66.7% of pregnant women were anaemic. One major cause of anaemia is iron deficiency (Maziya-Dixon et al., 2004; Aminu, 2010; FMOH, 2013). An increased visibility of the problem of "hidden hunger" arising from micronutrient deficiencies is noticed in communities of the Yauri Town. This calls for commitment of all stakeholders as a public health priority to undertake measures to make ending micronutrient deficiencies most especially, vitamin A, zinc, iodine, folate and iron deficiencies in Yauri Town.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The findings from MICS survey in 2011 indicated a high prevalence of nutritional disease amongst under-five children in the Yauri Town. It showed that the prevalence of vital nutrition assessment indicators in Yauri Town such as moderate (-2SD) stunting was 65.1%, moderate wasting 14.2%, and moderate underweight 46.8% (MICS, 2012). There is recently a reduction in these indices according to the report of NDHS </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">(2013) which indicated overall stunting to be 29.6%, wasting 18.8%, underweight 16% in the Yauri Town. Concurrent high levels of nutritional disease worsen the health status and development potential of a child and makes every strategy for health, education and prosperity an uphill struggle.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.1 Aim</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of the study was to determine the burden of nutritional disease, specific determinants causing it by assessing the nutritional status among under-five children and their mothers in Unguwar Zango of the Yauri Town.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.2 Specific objectives;</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of the study include;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. Assessment of nutritional status and prevalence of nutritional disease among under-five children mother pair in Unguwar Zango of Yauri Town.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. Determine morbidity and crude death rate among under-five children and their mothers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. Determine micronutrient (Vitamins A, Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Vitamin D, Calcium and Phosphorus) status of the under-five children and their mothers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. Establish the determinants of nutritional disease in the study area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Justification</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The mortality indices for children in Nigeria are ranked among the worst in the world. Nigeria ranks 9th in global assessment of under-five mortality rate and approximately one million children die annually in Nigeria before their 5th birthday (UNICEF, 2014). The role of adequate and sustainable surveillance particularly for nutrition assessment of children in the community cannot be over-emphasized, considering the efforts in promoting optimal childhood nutrition, growth and development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Although several studies and attempts to reduce child mortality in Nigeria have been conducted, yet progress on reaching the desired target is still limited. Many of the previous studies were descriptive in nature and lacked detailed analysis of socioeconomic and proximate determinants of child and maternal malnutrition (Ajieroh, 2009).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">None or little effort has been devoted to examining the key determinants of nutritional disease among under-five children and their mothers in communities of Unguwar Zango of the Yauri Town that will effectively guide nutrition interventions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">MICS survey in 2011 indicated a high prevalence of nutritional disease amongst under-five children in the Yauri Town (Yauri Town). Hence, this study will provide information that can be used for nutritional surveillance and targeting programmes that would focus more on populations most affected. More importantly, the survey will be instrumental for generating information that will form the basis for developing interventions for nutrition and other health programmes in the Yauri Town as a whole.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Nutrition & Dietetics </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/nutrition-and-dietetics-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">78 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-55301022625183203572023-10-19T16:20:00.001+01:002023-10-19T16:20:05.200+01:00MICROBIAL STUDIES ON CASSAVA FERMENTATION FOR "LAFUN" PRODUCTION<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fermented cassava products like lafun (edible starch) are important staple foods in many African homes. Natural fermentation time is usually long resulting in slower acidification process and inconsistent nutritional composition of products which could be overcome with the use of starter culture. However, most available starter cultures are used for single food fermentation and are uneconomical. This necessitates the development of a starter culture for multiple related food products to reduce cost. Hence this study was designed to produce a cassava fermentation for the production of lafun.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Cassava varieties TME 30572, TME 4(2)1425 and TME 50395 were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan and landraces from Bodija market. Fresh, peeled, chipped and grated cassava tubers were spontaneously fermented in the laboratory. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the fermenting mash and identified phenotypically. Genotypically identified starters were selected based on screening for starch hydrolysis, linamarase and pectinase enzyme production, antimicrobial compound production and rate of acidification using standard methods. The starters were utilised singly and randomly combined to initiate fermentation for production of lafun. Un-inoculated fermentation mash served as control. Rate of production of organic acids, various sugars, metabolic enzyme assays, nutritional and anti-nutritional content of the resulting mashes were monitored using standard procedures. Best starter was applied in the final production of lafun. Shelf-life of the products were evaluated and compared with the control. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics and ANOVA technique at p=0.05.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ninety-eight LABs were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (50.0%), L. acidilactici (12.2%), L. brevis (11.3%), L. fermentum (10.3%), L. delbrueckii (8.2%), L. mesenteroides (6.0%), and L. lactis (2.0%). Screened isolates did not hydrolyse starch but produced pectinase, linamarase alongside hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl and lactate with a rapid decrease in medium pH (6.5 - 3.6). Selected potential starters were genotypically identified as L. pentosus F2A (A), L. plantarum subsp. argentolarensis F2B (B), L. plantarum F2C (C), L. plantarum U2A (G) and L. paraplantarum U2C (I). The best starter combination CGI gave significant reduction in fermentation pH (7.1 - 3.7) and lactic acid ranged between 0.04mg/ mL and 6.9mg/mL. Sugars produced include xylose </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">(3.2µg/mL), arabinose (1.4µg/mL), fructose (26.2µg/mL), glucose (30.3µg/mL) and sucrose (99.7g/mL). Enzyme assay revealed peak amylase (10.1U/mL) and pectinase (4.4U/mL) activities at 24 hours as well as linamarase (0.8U/mL) at 48 hours in fufu, whereas, in usi, highest linamarase (0.7U/mL) and pectinase (1.0U/mL) activities were recorded at 72hours with no amylase activity. The CGI-produced lafun had significant reduction in phytate (0.3-0.1mg/g and 0.3-0.27mg/g), tannin (35.4-34.0mg/g and 35.4-32.3mg/g), cyanide (0.1-0.05mg/g and 0.1-0.0mg/g), and moisture (7.3%-5.1% and 7.3%-5.4%) content while total protein content increased (1.0-1.3% and 1.0-1.8%) respectively. Starter fermented lafun had shelf-life of five days while control had three days.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The selected starter was able to ferment both lafun to yield products with improved nutritional content, better shelf-life and reduced anti-nutritional composition. This could be employed in the production of indigenous fermented foods.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Starter culture, Lafun, Shelf-life, Fermented food</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Africa, cassava is very important to the people because fermented cassava products are known to constitute a major part of the daily diets in many homes. It is cultivated widely as a food crop, ranked as the world′s sixth most important (Soccol, 1996) and fourth on the list of major food crops in developing countries after rice, wheat and maize (Mingli et al., 1992). De Bruijin and Fresco (1989) reported a progressive increase in demand of fermented cassava products yearly as a result of the high energy content due to the fact that it provides averagely more than 50% of daily energy intake.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, cyanogenic glucosides inherent in cassava usually restrict its use as a food crop (Koch et al., 1992; Peifan et al., 2004) even though there is an endogenous linamarase (β-glucosidase), an enzyme which can easily hydrolyse linamarin, situated in the cell wall (Mkpong et al., 1990). It was reported that the endogenous linamarase could not completely breakdown the linamarin (Ikediobi and Onyike, 1982; Mkpong et al., 1989) thus, bringing about the addition of an exogenous linamarase during fermentation, which is by far the most important and widely used means of processing cassava (Oyewole, 1992; Nweke et al., 2002) to reduce cyanogenic toxicity (Ikediobi and Onyike, 1982).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Fermentation, the oldest method of food processing, started over 6000 years ago (Holzapfel, 2002) in which the traditional methods and outdated techniques of producing fermented foods were based on spontaneous fermentation due to naturally occurring microorganisms in the environment and on the raw materials. However, fermentation durations were long due to the lag phase of the organisms, thus, yielding a longer acidification process and making it difficult to produce an end product of consistent quality. Developing countries cannot continue to be dependent on the historic methods for food processing because of factors such as increasing populations, </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">drought and other natural disasters, inadequate food production as well as other associated problems such as long fermentation time, inconsistencies in final products and the presence of pathogenic organisms, all because it depended on chance inoculation from the environment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Common research approaches have included isolation and characterization of microorganisms that could be used as starter culture with modifications to fermentation regimes. To date, little of this research has been put to use. Part of technology considerations suggested by Baseline Consultancy Report for Cassava in 2010 included the use of isolated starter cultures in maintaining product quality. Therefore, an improved fermentation method that will not compromise the quality and safety of the product would be through the use of starter cultures which are preparations or materials containing large number of viable microorganisms which may be added to facilitate improved and controlled fermentation process (Holzapfel, 1997, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lafun (edible starch) are among the products of cassava fermentation in Africa (Etejere and Bhat, 1985). Fufu is an important basic commodity, ranked next to gari as a native food of most Nigerians (Sanni et al., 1998) and widely eaten in many parts of West Africa and the Tropics (Sanni, 1989). It is a sticky cassava mash which is cooked in boiling water and consumed with soup. It is eaten mostly in the Eastern and Western parts of Southern Nigeria as well as some other areas of West and Central Africa; and unlike other fermented cassava products, it has very intense odour (Lancaster et al., 1982). Usi is an indigenous food of the Itsekiri and Urhobo in Southern Nigeria, who also refer to it as edible starch. It is a very pasty, light yellow food eaten with any oil or pepper soup. The starch is precipitated out of the solution pressed out of the grated cassava during the preparation of gari and sometimes, obtained from grated cassava, soaked directly in water (Etejere and Bhat, 1985). Both cassava products undergo lactic acid fermentation by several microorganisms, thus yielding various metabolites which confer positive effects such as preservation, flavour development, cyanide reduction and changes in functional properties on the final product (Akindahunsi et al., 1999).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The use of starters will provide a means of standardising the production process resulting in products of uniform quality and contributes to reduction in processing time. Furthermore, such starter will have the ability to detoxify, while retaining the desirable organoleptic qualities of the product, grow rapidly to significantly shorten fermentation time, rapidly drop the pH and increase the acidity, as acidic conditions inhibit the growth of and toxin production by pathogens (Mugula et al., 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Constantly, there is an increase in demand for fermented cassava products because they are high energy yielding foods but indigenous spontaneous fermentation have been characterized with longer acidification time, inconsistencies in the nutritional composition and quality of the final products. Use of starter culture has brought some improvement on fermented cassava products, but most available starter cultures are used for single food fermentation and are uneconomical.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Justification</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The ability to isolate strains of microorganisms with desirable physiological and metabolic characteristics for use as starter culture will result in a high degree of control over the fermentation process, thus, maintaining consistency. Furthermore, the possibility of developing a cassava fermentation for multiple related food products will reduce cost and be of economic importance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Scope of the research</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In order to establish the selection process, this study was approached in four phases, namely; isolation, characterization, identification and screening for potential starters; utilization of potential starters both singly and in combination for controlled fermentation; physiological studies and optimisation of growth conditions of selected starter(s); utilisation of the starter(s) in lafun fermentation and final product assessment.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Aim and objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The overall aim of this study is to select a cassava fermentation for the production of lafun. Specifically, this study was designed to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Isolate, characterize and identify lactic acid bacteria involved in the fermentation of cassava to produce lafun.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Screen for, and genotypically identify potential starters.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Utilise selected isolates solely and in combination to ferment cassava in lafun production, monitoring microbiological, nutritional and technological properties as well as derived metabolites during the fermentation processes, thus, select isolate(s) of best fit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Carry out optimization of growth studies on the potential starter(s) selected</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Apply the selected starter(s) in the production of the two products and analyse the end products.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Microbiology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/microbiology-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">100 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-90361794229465673802023-10-19T16:14:00.007+01:002023-10-19T16:14:57.984+01:00AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF RADIO MESSAGES ON FARMER HEADERS CRISIS IN ENUGU STATE. A STUDY OF COAL CITY FM<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study, “Public Perception of Newspaper Coverage of the Herder-Farmer Conflicts and its Influence on National Security: A Study of Radio messages” evaluates the media as a major player during periods of conflict and its influence on the public understanding and perception of conflict situations. The agenda the media sets and how they are reported can also impact on the direction or outcome of such issues. The aim of this study was to examine the extent and patterns of coverage of the herder- farmer conflicts by Radio messages in Nigeria. The agenda setting theory and individual difference theory formed the theoretical foundation to the study. Findings revealed that Radio messages accords much importance to issues on farmers-herders conflict. The research method adopted for this study was survey method using simple random technique. The study was concluded that, Radio messages played some part in the mitigation of the herders-farmers conflict and performing their watchdog role in the society. The study recommended among other things the urgent intervention by the government so as to address the root and situational causes of the conflict.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Farmers, Herders, National Security, Newspaper, Media Coverage.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Insecurity is defined as the feeling and state of uncertainty or anxiety about oneself because of lack of confidence, being open to danger or a threat and there is lack of protection. However, no continent is spared of violence as both developed and developing countries around the world is struggling with one form of internal conflict or the other. The upsurge of conflicts in African continent has been internal in nature since the end of cold war between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States of America (USA) (Cilliers and Schunemann 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Since Nigeria gained her independence in 1960, there has been a recurrent narrative of internal conflict and these conflicts are often incited under religious and ethnic pretexts which sometimes results to killings and destructions of lives and property.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Scholars and Observers have identified a number of factors responsible for the outburst of internal conflicts in developing countries like Nigeria and these factors are but not limited to the following: poor governance, small arms proliferation, ethnic and religious rivalry, poverty etc.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Laws and policies on religious practices also contribute to the conflicts. For instance, in the year 2000, there was a violent clash between Christians and Muslims in some Northern states of Nigeria due to the introduction of Sharia law in those States. Homer-Dixon (1998) also attributed environmental scarcities to such conflict in developing countries.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Research shows that the conflict between nomadic herders and sedentary farmers in Nigeria is mainly a resource-based conflict. The cause borders mainly on the competition to have access to land and free water for grazing and farming.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mass desertification of vegetative land and drought in Northern Nigeria makes herders to migrate to other parts of the country so as to provide green pasture and water for their livestock. In the course of their movement to other regions, the nomadic herdsmen settled in some farming communities where green vegetation and water are readily available.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Furthermore, the dispute arises between herders and farmers over an allegation from both parties (farmers and herders). On one hand, farmers accused herders of destroying their crops by encroachment of herded livestock on their farmlands and contaminates their source of water in that community. On the other hand, herders accused farmers of poisoning, killing and stealing their cattle and also denied them access to grazing routes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Pastoralism is a conventional occupation among 14 groups in Nigeria and they are Kanembu, Kwoya, Fulani, Manga, etc. (Blench 2010, Muhammed, Ismaila and Bibi 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Abbas (2012) further stressed that the Fulanis are the most prominent herding group for they own up to 90 percent of the livestock. The conflict between herders and farmers has turned to be more fatal and bloodier due to the proliferation of firearms among herders. Although the argument here is that they carry guns and other sophisticated weapons so as to protect themselves and their livestock from bandits who steal their cattle but whenever there is controversy between them and farmers, the herders make violence an instructive reaction because of the possession of arms among them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To the Fulanis, lives can be sacrificed if their cattle can be in jeopardy, in the same way, farmers cannot fold their hands and allow their produce to be eaten up by herder’s cattle. This has been supported by scholarly argument that a typical Fulani-pastoralist would care less to live if the survival and sustenance of his herd come under serious threats. This explains the magnitude of aggression and vindictive violence that the Fulani herders show in their disputes with settled farming communities (young and Sing’oei, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The major player during the period of conflicts is the mass media because of the surveillance function they perform. The media surveys the society, gathers and disseminate information that is of great important to the public. The public are concerned/interested about the safety and security of their environment and as such when conflict arises, their attention is turned to the media so as to keep them abreast of unfolding events.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tumbler (2009) argues that journalists place emphasis on violence and conflict so as to produce and increase the value of commodity that is supposed to generate profit.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nevertheless, it is expected that the media’s social responsibility to the public should compel a foremost commitment so as to minimize confusion and contribute to social order during conflict situation. Agenda set through media reporting, can directly or indirectly determine the course a conflict situation will follow.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Gilboa (2009) also added that investigating the function and dysfunctions of the local media should be a research priority because the local media’s coverage of conflicts affects the people engaged in the conflict. The Nigeria press is a veritable Instrument to what the perception and understanding of the public would be of such conflict.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The level of violence and economic cost from clashes between herders and farmers tend to pose a major national security concern for Nigerians which require adequate measures to be put in place to address this.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The six geo-political zones in the country have suffered the loss of lives and properties as well as displacements due to the herders-farmers’ conflict. The violent also have direct impact on food security. According to Mercy Crop (2015) the estimated 13.7 billion dollars is lost annually as a result of the conflicts which is potential revenue that should help to boost the economy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Furthermore, these attacks by herders according to 2015 Global Terrorism index have now assumed the ill-fame of terrorism (Institute of Economics and peace, 2015). There is, however, the paucity of empirical literate on the role of the mass media in this conflict. Non-reporting or under-reporting of certain conflict by the media could be influenced by lessening and resolution of such conflicts.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To determine the level of prominence given to the conflict between herders and farmers in the selected newspaper.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To identify the major sources of news reports on herders and farmers conflict.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To know if there is any importance radio messages attaches to the herders-farmers conflict.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To determine whether radio messages coverage of the herders- farmers glorify or support act of terrorism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. To know if the crisis between herders and farmers is actually a conflict or acts of aggression by one party.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What is the level of prominence Radio messages gives to the conflicts between herders-farmers conflicts?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Who are the major sources of news reports to Radio messages on herders-farmers’ newspaper in reporting/ publishing herders-farmer conflicts?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Does Radio messages coverage of the conflict between farmers and herders supports the act of terrorism?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Is the crisis between herders-farmers a conflict or acts of aggression by one party?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Hypothesis</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: To know if the public perception or opinion could add any significant value in curtailing the conflict between farmers and herders.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho: To know if the public perception or opinion will not add any value to curtail the conflict between farmers and herders</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The present state of the insecurity in Nigeria makes this study a timely one. The findings of this study can be useful in further understanding the difficulties associated with insecurity in the country. The Nigerian government and security agencies may come to appreciate the urgency required to tackle the herders-farmers conflict through the analysis of this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study would help establish the influence of the Nigerian press in conflict situation. The press will be appraised of its shortcomings if any and proffer solutions on how to promote conflict resolution. It will also build a case for journalist to undergo training in aspect of reporting conflict.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will also contribute to giving out knowledge to the society and help to get more information about the coverage of the farmers and herders crisis by radio messages. For researchers in the field of mass communication this would serve as a reference material in conducting similar research.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will investigate the radio messages coverage of the farmers-herders crisis in Enugu state and its influence on national security. The punch has national circulation and is on newsstand daily and easily accessible to readers. The restriction of the study to radio messages only is because this is an academic research within a short duration and limited financial resources.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Limitation of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is designed to get the public opinion or perception about the herders and the farmers conflict in Nigeria and its influence on national security, using radio messages as a case study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The first limitation of the study will be, not being able to cover other newspapers for a better understanding of the study because of duration of time. Another limitation will be using Enugu state as the only area of study because of duration of time.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Mass Communication </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/mass-communication-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">40 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-20391523942236197092023-10-19T16:08:00.002+01:002023-10-19T16:08:13.690+01:00UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING SERVICE DELIVERY IN PUBLIC OFFICES IN MINNA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Technology nowadays have great impact on the construction industry and the way it works. The technology is viewed as crucial for effective and successful project delivery. Currently, Quantity Surveying (QS) appears to be one of the few professions that have not been profoundly transformed by the application of the technological advancement offered by digital revolution especially in a developing economy like Nigeria. The study examines the extent to which the Nigerian quantity surveyors have been moving with the times of information technology. The aim is to identify the challenges faced by the professionals by examining the challenges of the use and adoption of computer applications in a dynamic world of explosive growth of the information communication technology (ICT). The study adopted a survey design methodology. A survey based on structured questionnaire was used to elicit the relevant data from Quantity Surveyor who are all members of the Nigeria Institution of Surveyors. In all, fifty (50) respondents completed the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the Relative Importance Index and Mean/average Score. The study identified four main factors from the literature and the survey as important challenges of the adoption and use of Information and communication technology tools by Quantity Surveyors in Minna, Niger state. Thus, budget constraints for Information and communication technology tools investments, lack of commitment by management towards ICT, lack of training and technical support for construction professionals in ICT, inadequate ICT content of construction educational system. The survey revealed three main professional quantity surveying software known among the Nigerian QS thus Masterbill, QS Elite and Win QS, however, yet they are not frequently used in their practice. Finally, it was recommended there should be financial support from both the private and public sector for Information and communication technology tools investment in construction industry, also to there should be increase in ICT content in construction education at all level.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Businesses must innovate, develop new expertise, enter new markets, and carve out new niches in order to remain competitive (Harun & Abdullah, 2016). The management of knowledge is referred to as innovation in quantity surveying (QS) as well as recording project-based learning for later use (Hardie et al., 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The quality surveying profession (QSP) is depicted as fostering innovation throughout the body of literature (Hardie et al., 2015), adapting and changing work output through the adoption of technologies, improving management and monitoring processes, offering crucial solutions, and putting novel ideas into practice (Blayse & Manley, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, despite the QS industry's efforts to innovate (Hardie et al., 2015), stay competitive, and stay in business (Harun & Abdullah, 2016), the industry still faces some difficulties and is overburdened by expectations they must meet to make sure the QSP continues to thrive and that interest in the profession has never been higher (Cartlidge, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The QSP has been around for a long time and can be traced back to the ancient Egyptian culture (Cartlidge, 2011). With the introduction of the first public contract in the 17th century, the profession evolved into an occupation (RICS, 2015). The QSP was at its best between the 1950s and the 2010s (Cartlidge, 2011): bills of quantities were favored for tendering, and RICS fees were affordable and uncontested (Cartlidge, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Quantity surveying is an occupation that has existed since the dawn of time and is not a recent development. Even if it wasn't technically formed in the prehistoric era, humans managed to come up with the appropriate calculations for the cost of materials and their overall construction efforts. (2015) Nortey However, the British established a more structured method of the profession in the 17th century, giving it a scholarly and regal air (Ofori, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is also clear that our world is dynamic and marked by constant technological advancement. The rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), commonly known as IT, has had a profound impact on business systems and procedures (Rivardet al., 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The development of Information and communication technology tools has enabled major shifts in business and industry practices, albeit at varying scales, including the construction sector (Li, 2010). To compete with their counterparts in other industries, the construction industry has embraced the use of Information and communication technology tools, including the internet, computing, telephoning, satellite communication, electronic mailing, and AutoCAD software (Ibidapo, 2010). The sof Information and communication technology tools application in the industry, with some notable ones like the expert systems (ES), artificial intelligence, knowledge-base systems (KBS), artificial neural networking (ANN), robotics, and computer aided design (CAD), determines the quantity surveyors' ability to take advantage of these new opportunities made possible by the advent of Information and communication technology tools (Arif and Karam, 2011). According to Rivardet al. (2014), the architectural, engineering, and construction business will soon adapt and benefit from Information and communication technology tools in the same way that other sectors like manufacturing and finance have done for a long time. According to Honey (2022), this is already the situation in many of the wealthy nations worldwide. Instead, he stated that since the turn of the century, quantity surveyor (QS) offices in the UK have become less reliant on paper-based operations, while electronic led-processes are reducing the need for taking-off sheets and other auxiliary stationery. Over the past ten years, the QS profession in Africa has also undergone significant change (Oladapo, 2016). These changes have primarily been brought about by shifting industry/client demands, IT advancements, increased levels of service competition, and the critical role that quantity surveyors play in achieving improved and efficient service delivery. Therefore, as stated by Wager (2022), there is no question that the construction sector needs to improve its information flow and project delivery mechanism. Therefore, QS computing infrastructure, software, and databases will need to develop in a way that is consistent with the growing electronic nature of information flow. Nigerian amount In order to maintain their competitive advantage and increase profitability through the implementation of IT, surveyors will need to adjust to changes in work patterns by increasing their efficiency and creating new markets.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The QSP was successful, but it wasn't without difficulties (Shafiei & Said, 2022). Clients led a battle for leaner, more affordable projects that could be finished on time in the second half of the 20th century. This changed the needs on the field (Cartlidge, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Construction personnel have to be proactive, inventive, competitive, and environment-adaptive due to the construction industry's shifting landscape. This wasspearheaded by the commercial revolution and the advent of new technologies, allowing professionals to survive in a meaningful and profitable way (Smith, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Today, quantity surveyors are more receptive, having adjusted to new processes, cultivated new knowledge, developed new niches, and adopted new technologies. Their services are being sought in the building market economy and other fields, such as the oil and gas industries, petrochemical, manufacturing, aeronautical, rail networks, telecommunications, and power networks (Blayse & Manley, 2014). The profession has changed from its original tasks of building quantification and bills of quantities preparation to more contemporary ones.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">These include facilities management, commercial management, development management, program management, value management, risk management, and cost advice (Owusu-Manu et al., 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Problem Statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The background information provided makes it clear that the Quantity Surveyor (QS) in the construction business cannot disregard the significance and rising responsibilities of Information and communication technology tools. The fact that most surveying processes still heavily rely on conventional forms of documentation and communication, such as in-person meetings and the exchange of paper documents like bills of quantity, drawings, specifications, and site instructions, is one of the clear challenges facing Nigerian quantity surveyors today (Mohamed and Stewart, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Quantity surveyors are portrayed as process innovation gurus in literature (Hardie et al., 2015). Process innovation is the addition of novel components, production techniques, management strategies, and expertise to a company's manufacturing or service operations. Process innovation aims to improve internal organizational processes' efficacy and efficiency, facilitating the production and delivery of goods or services to clients in order to achieve reduced production costs and greater product quality (Reichstein & Salter, 2016).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the QS’s survival of past industry changes, the profession is not immune to threats in its operating environment (Shafiei & Said, 2022). The RICS Black Book, new management guidelines, evolving information and communications technologies, and building information modeling (BIM) are just a few examples of recent improvements to QS practice (Smith, 2014;). According to a study by Olatunji et al. (2010), BIM poses a significant threat to the traditional QS service and may reshape its professional limits as well as its content.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Additionally, the quantity surveyor must be knowledgeable about business finance management and the threats to the existence of enterprises posed by an increase in competition as a result of globalization (Davis et al., 2017;).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The changes in the industry will only continue to escalate (Smith, 2014); organizations in all fields are under increasing pressure to offer value-added services, innovate, and learn to survive and grow in the face of increased competition and rapid change (Ofori, 2012). The QSP must be ready to address these changing times by improving their skills in information technology, improving their qualifications, and continuing to expand their current roles (Owusu-Manu et al., 2014). The profession must be bolder, more entrepreneurial, and more proactive (Smith, 2014). It should conduct robust continuing professional development programs and periodic examinations of its members (Owusu-Manu et al., 2014). Grant (2014) suggested that quantity surveyors diversify their domain of expertise and strengthen the bases of their strategic assets, such as education, training, experience, and knowledge. Consequently, there should be greater focus on how expertise in project procurement can be improved (Kumaraswamy & Dulaimi, 2011), and how the construction value chain can be made more efficient (Atkin, 2022). Also, there is the need to address the concerns of sustainable development, health, and safety in project delivery (Lingard & Rowlinson, 2016), and enhancing the level of professionalism in the construction industry (Vee & Skitmore, 2013). More so, the industry must learn how to transform the adversarial mindsets of practitioners, and promote collaborative approaches (Li et al., 2011). Subsequently, there is the need to eradicate corruption in the industry (Stansbury, 2015; Transparency International, 2016), and enhance the social image of construction (Rameezdeen, 2017); and, perhaps most importantly, how to attract, retain, and develop talent (Toor & Ofori, 2022b).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">For this reason, the vast benefits offered by ICT in the construction industry though seems recognized, its adoption and use as normal part of the Quantity Surveying management and process is still low; and contractors among the major players, have often been cited as those who use ICT least of all (Peansupap and Walker, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">While this situation could probably be true within the Quantity Surveying industry, specific details regarding the extent of application and problems facing the use of Information and communication technology tools among the Nigerian Quantity Surveying industry still remain unclear. This study seeks to assess the situation in Quantity Surveying industry in Nigeria.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Information Technology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/information-technology-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">63 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-71075163888490618042023-10-19T16:05:00.003+01:002023-10-19T16:05:24.421+01:00THE USE OF ICT TOOLS TO CHECK EXAMS MALPRACTICE IN SCHOOLS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The term ICT refers to Information Communication Technology that encompasses various devices that necessitate the electronic transmission of information. Examination Malpractices involves Candidates cheating using an authorized material in doing Examination hence have a lieu advantage over others at the same level of competition. The purpose of this study was to access the available ICT Technologies that can be used to curb Examination malpractices and examined the available loopholes in the current education system. The evolution of technological devices for the communication in the society has made candidates to access, retrieve and store information related to the Examination in Electronic format hence making it difficult for the traditional methods of supervision and invigilation of Examination administration to be used absolutely to curb the vice of Examination Malpractice. The objectives of this study were 1) To examine methods of examination Malpractice in the current system of Education and 2) To examine available ICT methods used to curb examination Malpractice. The study adopted a descriptive survey design in which structured questionnaires were used to collect data from a sample of two hundred (200) Form Four students and twenty two (22) teachers in charge of Examination administration selected randomly from twenty (20) schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS computer program and presented inform of frequency tables, Percentages and graphs in the discussions of the findings. The findings of the study showed that use of mobile phones is more prevalence among learners as a key method of Examination Malpractice at 32.00%, followed by the use of written materials at 24.00% hence these devices should be used as learning tools as opposed for Examination malpractice. The study found out that the use of ICT was preferred at 84.00% as a means to end Examination malpractice in the current Education System in Nigeria. Teachers and students supported Computerization of Examination process at 50.00% by installing CCTV cameras at 71.43% in all Examination Centre’s and Biometric finger prints. The use of ICT in Examination administration process would reduce examination malpractice through the use confidential passwords for each candidate doing computerized Examination.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A few years ago, there emerged a hitherto unknown and detestable phenomenon in the conduct of examinations in the Nigeria education system. This phenomenon is now popularly referred to as Examination Malpractice.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The advent of this repugnant practice can be traced to the heritage of our Education System. The colonial government established and passed on a highly academic and segregationist system based on race, sex, religion, intelligence, fees and ethnicity. Prior to independence, access to education by indigenous people was limited and of poor quality as documented by Tiberondwa (1989). The level of education was determined by the end user i.e. the employers who were the missionaries, the administrators, settlers and traders. The idea was to give indigenous people only basic education to make them efficient farm laborers, industrial and office workers in government or as Bible readers. The need to get the best from the enrolled students led to the introduction of examinations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The system progressed further, to recognize only those students who managed to pass in academic subjects, according them the privilege to proceed for further studies. The higher the standard of education attained i.e. certificate, diploma or degree, the better the chances of a lucrative job.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sadly, the education reforms after independence, to date, have failed to eradicate the inequalities related to gender, class, sex, religion, language and intelligence to mention a few. The reason could be attributed to the emergence of a breed of the minority Nigeria elite who have in a way replaced the pre-independence Nigeria colonial masters particularly in the education sector. They have effectively manipulated the education system to safeguard their interests. Schools like Chengelo in Mkushi and Baobab in Lagos are a preserve of the rich. Unfortunately, even mission schools, formerly open to poor Nigerias are now a domain of the rich. Schools such as St Paul’s, their fees, structure and academic entry requirements clearly favour rich Nigerias with privileged basic/primary education rather than those from humble backgrounds. Discrimination based on gender e.g. Kabulonga Girls and Kabulonga Boys, Intelligence e.g. Hillcrest and David Kaunda are also in existence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Computerizing of the examination process is a major aspect of curbing examination malpractice in the country such that if all the process of designing examination dispatch of examination materials and processing are computerized then we shall have minimal risk of examination cheating. This is an expensive process for the government to invest in but it’s the ultimate solution to various problems facing the examination process in the country (Ayua, 2006).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This could involve providing learners with computerized examination which is either blended or online restricted with password of referential integrity to access only by authorized candidates at a specified interval of time. This can be done collectively by the ministry of information and communication technology to provide secure communication channels for conducting examination in the country with minimal interruptions of signal transmission. Onakwakpor, (2005) mentioned that the installed program software for conducting examination should be user friendly and self-driven to guide candidates on how to respond to questions and accurately estimates time allocated for each paper without necessarily prompting them for correct response to correct question.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Computerization of examination administration would greatly improve the integrity of National examination and greatly reduce on the overall cost incurred by the government to run and administer national examination in the country. The installed computerized ICT program could be expensive but could be cheaper in the long run once implemented in the country. Computerization of examination processing would speed up the process of the feedback to candidates and improve on efficiency and effectiveness to minimize human errors that arose as a result of computerization of final scores awarded to each student.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Examination Malpractice has been a great menace affecting the Education system in Nigeria. It is a vice that has been aggravated by the evolution of technology and modern means of communication like the use of mobile phones, internet and social media platforms of communication. Candidates sitting for an Examination have gone high tech on how to access information related to specific questions in the question papers being examined. Over the years candidates have had their results cancelled because of Examination irregularities and the numbers are increasing at alarming rate. The expectation of Ministry of Education and Nigeria National Examinations Councils also known as WAEC in Nigeria is to release the results for all candidates who registered and sat a given examination in a particular year on merit. This study examines Examination Malpractice and the available ICT technologies that can be used to curb menace.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Purpose of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main purpose of this study was to examine how ICT can be used to curb examination malpractice in the current Education system in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The objectives of this study were;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.1 To examine methods of Examination Malpractice in the current system of Education in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.4.2 To examine available ICT methods used to curb Examination Malpractice in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What methods of Examination Malpractice are there in the Current system of Education?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. How can ICT be used to curb Examination Malpractice in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The findings of this study are useful to the Ministry of Education Stakeholders, teachers, parents and policy makers in finding appropriate measures to curb Examination Malpractice in the Country and ensure the integrity standards are adhered to when administering, processing and releasing creditable and reliable Examination results for decision making.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Information Technology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/information-technology-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">43 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-51627212727733566932023-10-19T16:00:00.011+01:002023-10-19T16:00:58.685+01:00LABOUR CASE EFFECTS, CAUSES AND SOLUTION (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED LGA IN OYO STATE)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Today, around three-quarters people affected by poverty live in countries whose economies are dominated by the natural resources sector; this leads to the weakening of state structures and the destruction of the environment, and it can give rise to or exacerbate social conflict. Political democracy is a key ingredient in Africa's regeneration or renaissance. Without political democracy, our societies are condemned to be ruled by self-appointed dictators. The broader progressive movement, including the labour movement, has a crucial role in fighting for political democracy in Africa. It is important that we root out corruption, nepotism and create conditions for popular participation to flourish. Good governance is not a luxury but a necessary condition for open, participatory, accountable and democratic governance. Studies of good governance in Nigeria have not adequately addressed how the role of the labour movement in a democratic society can bring about good governance. This study, therefore, examined the role of the labour movement in promoting good governance in a democratic society like Nigeria. The functionalist theory provided the conceptual framework while the Secondary data collection method was used to elicit information for the study.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Good governance is undoubtedly the most fundamental condition for political, social and economic development in any society. This is because it creates an environment in which everyone could unfold his/her productive, political and cultural potentials (Gberevbie & Lafenwa, 2007). Governance entails the formulation and implementation of public policies across organizational and sectoral boundaries through coalitions, contracts, and networks. The search for good governance seems to be Nigeria's most urgent need at this point in its history. Most Nigerians believe very strongly that the factor which has crippled the country's progress in virtually every field of human endeavour is leadership and bad governance (Nkom, 2000: 75).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As the country staggers from one crisis to another, nobody is left in doubt that a lot of homework remains to be done on how to fashion a more effective and acceptable way of managing public affairs in the country. Most intellectual and political discourse on Nigeria has quite understandably been preoccupied with this dilemma of poor governance with a population of over one hundred and ninety-five million (World Population Prospects, 2017). The country is blessed with abundant human, material and financial resources. More so, improving the quality of governance is one of the major pre-conditions for arresting this situation of political inertia and economic stagnation. It is one of the important requirements for moving the country forward and transforming its immense potentialities into reality. What must be avoided in the search for good governance is the temptation to go for easy solutions. To search for a way forward there must be better understanding and operationalization within the context of Nigerian history, culture, and social realities. Indeed no other country's solutions or institutions will provide an automatic panacea for Nigeria's problems (Adedeji, 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The model of good governance which can work and achieve the best result in Nigeria will necessarily require an intelligent and programmatic blending of the lessons and experience of other people and the peculiarities of our socio-historical realities. Only political and administrative solutions that are rooted in the country's indigenous culture and experiences have a credible chance of succeeding. This implies that the search for a way forward must involve a return to the grassroots to draw from the political traditions, institutions, and experiences of Nigeria's communities instead of trying to rely on sophisticated models of political engineering from Europe or America. Good governance requires responsible and responsive political leaders at the grassroots. These leaders must not only be elected but also be held accountable for their actions by their electorate (Akin, 2000). Good governance promotes accountability, entails the tolerance of divergent views for the accommodation of political opponents and the widening of the frontiers of politics through inclusiveness but not alienation and exclusion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Consequently, good governance must involve some institutionalized mechanism for holding leaders accountable to the people, for renewing or withdrawing the mandate of such leaders, and for ensuring probity and transparency in public affairs. It has been stated that Governance focuses on the state and institutions, and the relationship between them and the people. It also emphasizes how to rule are made and implemented in society.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Good governance also embraces the values that one caught by individuals and groups within the society (Tunde, 2000). Trade unions as represented by the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) in the contemporary times have been the subject of considerable research and commentary, in terms of its nature, role, functionality, and effectiveness in ensuring the welfare of the Nigerian worker and the protection of her rights in industrial disputes with the public and private labour employers (Aiyede, 2004). The apparent puzzle of its longevity and continued survival despite attempts to emasculate and undermine it by succeeding regimes especially the military has often depicted it as the proverbial cat with nine lives. Despite the founded fear of its collapse into oblivion or disintegration into autonomous parts as a result of the mounted challenges confronting not only the organizational structure, but also the mechanism of its operations, the organisation has demonstrated a high degree of elasticity and resourcefulness in domestic industrial relations as well as political sagacity in the Nigerian political landscape. From the colonial period up till the contemporary times, trade unionism in Nigeria has combined industrial agitation and political activism in varying degrees dictated by the political gladiators and the exigencies of the times. The labour movement has a crucial role in fighting for good governance in Nigeria. Labour movement, specifically the Nigerian Labour Congress has played a pivotal role in shaping the way the governments perform in terms of providing good governance to the people. Labour movement's objective is to ensure that people are at the center of governance as opposed to being mere voting cattle, which expresses its will every four years (Ntshalintshali, 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Adam Smith, the 18th century economist noted imbalance in the rights of workers in regards to owners (or “masters”). In his Book “The wealth of nations” chapter 8, Smith wrote “we rarely hear, of the combination of masters, especially those of workmen. But whoever imagines upon this account that masters rarely combine, is as ignorant of the world as of the subject. Masters are always and everywhere in a sort of tacit, but in constant and uniform combination, not to raise the wages of labor above their actual rate”. As Smith noted, unions were illegal for many years in most countries and there were severe penalties including execution for attempting to organize unions. Despite this, unions were formed and began to acquire political power which resulted in a body of labour law that not only legalized organizing efforts, but as well codified the relationship between employers and employees. Even after the legitimization of trade unions, there was still opposition, as the case of the Tolpuddle Martyrs of 2002 shows.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Leeson R. A. (2005:1) of United States of America said “TWO conflicting views of the trade union movement strove for ascendancy in the nineteenth century”. This is because collective bargaining goes to the heart of employee relation‟s problems and power. Whoever has the power to fire an employee in performance evaluation has the power to affect significant human needs. Some employers have hired and given employees reasonable jobs, compensated them well, respected their dignity and retired them after rewarding careers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, employees are represented by the National Labour Congress (an umbrella organization for all trade unions and labour association). In the United States of America, employees are represented by the American federation of labour congress of industrial organization (AFL – CIO). In most countries, it is expected that officials in the public service should not go on strike in the same way as the employees of private sector organization. There are some rules in some countries especially Nigeria which prevent certain categories of public servants from going on strike because, they perform essential services. For example, for the first in the history of Nigeria, the Nigerian police embarked on a one day strike in the year 2003.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Another important issue in the public sector is the co-existence of collective bargaining with specific procedures established to regulate the relationship between the state and it‟s appointed officials. In Nigeria for example, the teaching service and most parastatals use the machinery of collective bargaining, while the civil servants rely on the National Council on Establishments (N.C.E).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ojeli D.C. (2001:5) opined that, “whatever roles the Nigeria Trade Unions should play, one thing is certain, and that is, that their primary function is to regulate and thus improve the worker‟s salaries/wages and conditions of employment. All other activities trade unions have undertaken and all other purposes which they have acquired should be regarded as a biproduct and auxiliary to their major purpose and activity”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Friendland P.C. (2012:20) recorded president Julius Nyerere‟s argument in these words that, “while it was one of the purposes of trade unions to ensure for workers‟ fair share of the profit of their labour, this “fair” share must be fair in relation to the whole society, but if it was greater than the country could afford, then it was not a fair shares”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Roseberg (2001) holds the view of African unions as that: “African unions must perform a substantially varied roles from their western counterparts which perform exclusively “consumptionists” function”. That is, they bear a major responsibility for increasing the economic output while accepting conditions of austerity and (SAP) so that, the entire society may benefit. Amucheazi, (2012:85) goes further to enunciate the functions of Trade Unions as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Observing self-imposed wage restraint at all levels.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Educating their members to give up extra spend thrifts habits of the working class.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Encouraging small savings among the classes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Increasing labour productivity through propaganda.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. Settling the differences through the legally instituted machinery based on the principles of conciliation and/or arbitration</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">6. Helping the displaced labour, thrown out of employment as a result of rationalization by inducing them to take training in the new skills in the institutions set up by the government.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">7. Initiating co-operative action in the enforcement of minimum wages.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">8. Inducing the labour class to effectively participate in social security and provident fund schemes and</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">9. Sharing the profits on an acceptable basis which while, apportioning a significant percentage of profit of labour will leave significant incentive to the management to plough the profits back into the industries or institutions they own.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The economic implication of such trade union behaviour, Amucheazi continues are two folds; to restrict consumption and to bring about an increase in the desired level of production. But given a peculiar circumstance as a nation, the question now is, what roles have the trade unions played in the development process since their various formations.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Industrial Relations & Personnel Mgt. </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/industrial-relations-personnel.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">62 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-8121565289980004952023-10-19T15:53:00.001+01:002023-10-19T15:53:12.819+01:00IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FLOODING IN CALABAR SOUTH<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study evaluated the effects of climate change and coastal flooding in Calabar South and Calabar Municipal. The questionnaire survey method was adopted in which questionnaire was employed in collecting the data from the respondents which was later collated and analyzed. The study concluded therefore that the effects of the flooding in the six communities in Calabar South and Calabar Municipal are the same, and some of the major effects of flooding in the communities in Calabar South and Calabar Municipal include: road congestion, accident, damage of buildings, destruction of properties, health problems, reduction of aesthetic beauty of the environment, increase in poverty level and death. The study thus recommends that the masses be conscientized about these harmful effects of flooding in the area and their role in fighting flooding through a collaboration with the government and non-governmental organizations or an integrated approach. The awareness of the masses on the dangers facing them will cause them to take up their responsibilities and join forces with the government and non-gorvernmental bodies to contain the menace.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the past few year, the whether climate is changing and been characterised by the temperature, wind, precipitation, clouds and other weather elements. This phenomenon has caused the migration of human and environmental vulnerability in the world leading to hunger, poverty and malnutrition. (Todd et al. 2010 and IPCC (2007). According to Zewdie (2012), the Sub Saharan Africa regions is most likely to be affected with climate change. Moreover, it is forecasted that coastal communities will be more affected by the earth climate change as a result of increased participation would increase the vulnerability of coastal area to natural disasters (IPCC 2001, Wu SY, Yarnal and Fisher 2002). In the recent times, the Niger delta region of Nigeria has consistently experienced recurrent flooding as a result of increased participation and runoff from rivers. (7, 8). These phenomenon has significantly affected the ecosystem, thus putting the ecosystem under posed a great concern and danger on the ecosystem risk from earth climate change and other element.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The introduction of the delta to the influences of climate variability is now a source worry within the Niger delta region (IPCC 2007). The Niger Delta has an estimated population of over 30 million people. About 70% of this population and infrastructure are located in the low lying coastal regions. The economic activities and development of the Niger Delta region. Is no doubt threaten by climate change</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A warming world will no doubt change the earth’s climate system and lead to severe environmental consequences (Globalchange.gov, 2014). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defined climate change as changes observed in weather conditions from statistical observations over extended periods, lasting for decades to centuries. Research has shown that from 1983 to 2012 with a baseline of 1850, temperatures in the earth’s climate system have increased (IPCC, 2014). The impact of climate change is experienced globally, regionally and locally, affecting both human and natural systems (Goldenberg, 2014). One of the most devastating effect of climate change is Sea Level Rise (SLR) (NASA, 2017). SLR is an increase in water volume on the earth due to basic factors such as thermal expansion and melting ice caps. Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) have increased in recent decades causing a relative increase in land and ocean surface temperatures (Elum and Momodu 2017; IPCC, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, the southern coastal region is known to be susceptible to climate change influences like flooding that causes environmental degradation and hazards. High increase in rainfall and subsequent flooding within the coastal region have been observed in recent years (Tawari-Fufeyin; Paul and Godleads, 2015; Israel, 2017). An example, is the most recent event of the 2012 flooding which affected over 500,000 people as internally displaced from their homes (Amangabara and Obenade, 2015) and claimed over 51 lives. The most devastating flood for the past 40 years (NASA 2012). Coasts in Nigeria are characterised by high tides that can cause flooding events. Cross River State is one of such states within the region in Nigeria that have recorded such rise in tidal waters as a result of climate change. The geographic location and elevation ranges at Longitudes 6º3’ and 6º40’ East and Latitudes 4º23.3’ and 4º38.2’ north and at 50m above sea level respectively (Okiongbo and Ogobiri, 2011) after inland which makes it vulnerable to flooding. The state, especially its coastal communities are heavily populated with the people being closer to land degradation effects. The State has major crude oil and gas reserves which accounts for over 30% flaring in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This project seeks to investigate the effect of the consequences of climate change in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South local government areas and the effective policies for coping with these changes to reduce the vulnerability of the environment to extreme weather conditions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Oil and gas exploration and production in the Niger Delta has enhanced the economy (Ite et al., 2013), but also led to several environmental and health hazards. According to Odubo (2014), Cross River State was reported to be one of the worst affected state in the 2012 flooding. Climate change and sea level rise will have a negative impact on Calabar Municipal and Calabar South local government areas, disrupting business, farms and river systems. I intend to investigate the direct and indirect effects of coastal flooding in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South local government areas of Cross River State and the working policies for adaptation and mitigation of flooding in these areas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 RESEARCH RATIONALE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The issue of climate change induced sea level rise is crucial. From history deadly floods have been recorded with death tolls of over 100,000 people. For example the 1931 china flood with a record of above 2500000 death, the 1938 yellow river flood in china with about 5000000-700000 deaths, the 2004 Indian ocean tsunami with about 230000 (USEPA 2002). The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster (CRED) reported that over a period of 1995-2015 about 606000 deaths was recorded owing to weather related disasters (CRED 2015). In Nigeria over a period of 1985-2014 about 11 million lives have been affected, 1100 deaths recorded and asserts worth 17 billion dollars have been damaged (Nkwunonwo, Malcom and Brian 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Cross River State is of high economic importance to Nigeria because of the abundant oil deposits. With projected sea level rise from 0.5 – 1m by 2100 (IPCC 2014), people will be forced to leave their homes. Thus, the government will be faced with several challenges (Sayne 2011, Odubo 2014). About 3. 8 million people in the Niger Delta are at risk of flooding. This can be avoided and/or the impact reduced if, the Nigerian government will implement the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) commitment, made in the Paris agreement and make effective policies relevant to coastal flooding, to drastically reduce Nigeria’s emissions from business as usual (BAU) to conditional levels (INDC 2015). Nations like the UK amongst others who have implemented the INDCs have made significant progress with tackling exasperated flood issues (Haigh and Nicholls 2017)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is intended to find means to a lasting solution to the issues below:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Are Cross Riverines aware of climate change and the impact?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Is the effect of sea level rise induced flooding felt in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South local government areas in Cross River State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Has the government made policies to mitigate for climate change and flooding in the state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What policies have been implemented and what infrastructures have been built for adaptation and mitigation?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>1.5 AIM</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The project aims to evaluate the effect of coastal flood in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South regions and how effective the government policies are in Cross River state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 OBJECTIVES</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To assess the effect of climate change in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South local government areas of Cross River State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To evaluate individual orientation levels on climate change and its causative effects.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To evaluate government’s policies and implementation levels on climate change in Calabar Municipal and Calabar South Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To carry out a comparative analysis of climate change mitigation policy implementation in Nigerian using a case study of the United Kingdom.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Environmental Science </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/environmental-science-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">57 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-53343781225027633562023-10-19T15:35:00.002+01:002023-10-19T15:35:23.140+01:00THE IMPACT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND CAREER CHOICE AND CAREER CHOICE IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study examined impact of English language on students academic performance and career choice in secondary schools in Sapele, Delta State”. The study employed the survey design and the purposive sampling technique to select 450 students in secondary schools in Sapele, Delta State. A well-constructed questionnaire, which was adjudged valid and reliable, was used for collection of data from the respondents. The data obtained through the administration of the questionnaires was analyzed using the Pearson correlation analysis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The results revealed that: Students’ proficiency in English impact in their all-round academic performance is potent. Students’ attitude and environmental background towards English effect in their academic performance is potent. English proficient teachers on determining students’ academic performance is potent. There is positive and significant relationship between proficiency in English and students all-round academic performance (r=0.772; p<0.05). There is significant influence of student’s attitude and environmental background towards English that will affect their academic performance (r=.896; p<0.05). There is a positive and significant relationship between English proficient teachers and students academic performance and career choice (r=0.772; p<0.05).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">the study concludes that the proficiency in english language determines students academic performance and career choice in secondary schools in Sapele, Delta State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study suggested; The English teachers should continuously update themselves with new approaches, methods, strategies and techniques in teaching the English subject; The Science and Mathematics teachers should support the English Program of the school; The SSS students should realize the importance of English language in learning Science and Mathematics concepts; The school administrators should have concrete plans to develop and monitor their students’ English language proficiency throughout their stay in the institution; The curriculum designers and developers of the System should revisit the existing curriculum programs of the system, particularly English, Science and Mathematics by taking into consideration the result of the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Globally, various studies have been made on proficiency not just in the educational sector. What makes this research unique is the preparedness of the researcher to make an in-depth study on secondary school student’s proficiency in English and its role in their academics in Sapele, Delta State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Africa, Orgunsij & O (2009) argue on the fact that English language play the fundamental role of being the sole channel for instruction in Primary to Tertiary schools in Nigeria. It is important to know that students acquire knowledge of various school subjects at different stages which can only be done through the use of English language. That is to say, how well students progress in their academics, depends basically on their level of English proficiency.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Answers.com, there are twenty-two countries in Africa where English is an official language. However, there are also countries in Africa that use English as a major language, but not as an official language (EFL). Readings from Wikipedia EFL (English as an Official language) English Proficiency Index, 2017 rankings score calculations showed that Nigeria ranked 31st and scored 54.74% with a moderate proficiency band. This shows that the Nigerian educational sector has a lot of upgrading to do. The country is a mixed population of the old and the young and if the young are not properly taught the intricacies and rules pertaining to English language then she has failed. According to (Ogunsiji and Olanrewaju, 2002), English language is a language without which there could not have been an entity called Nigeria. This implies that Nigeria cannot thrive successfully without the use of English. However, since Nigeria has become an ‘entity’, there are still so much setbacks in the performance of students in English not only in the University but in other levels of education like the primary schools and the secondary schools.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">English being the language of instruction in institutes of learning in Nigeria, is one compulsory subject not just for the Arts but the Sciences as well which also has an effect on all other subjects if not learnt. It is not just a language for communicating but a necessity for every secondary school student to pass any examination termly, let alone gain admission into the higher institutions to study courses like Theatre Arts, Law, Mass Communication, Linguistics and other art oriented courses. It is sad to say, but the instruction of learning cannot be passed across if the instructor is not a proficient speaker of English. A lot of public and government owned secondary schools and sadly government approved private schools are faced with the problem of teachers in the English Department not being able to speak and construct correct English while teaching and even when written. Untrained teachers in this field flourish in the educational sector without questions asked. They are employed to teach English but the reverse is the case. Instead of students to grab correct use of grammar from their teachers, they pick up grammatical errors, finding it hard to distinguish between good and bad English. On the long run, secondary school students will keep struggling to construct simple and complex sentences now and in the nearest future if not transformed.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As a researcher, learning English has been observed to be more than just speaking or generally for communication in terms of trade, religion and so on. The populace have narrowed their mind-set to “Go to school so you can know English.” That is, so the child or teenager can understand and communicate in English (though briefly) when spoken to.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">English proficiency is a student’s ability to use English to make and communicate meaning verbally and in writing during the course of learning. Proficiency in English can be defined as English language learners’ communication information, ideas, and concepts necessary for academic success whose first language is a language other than English and who is unable to perform ordinary classroom works in English (Driscoll, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Academic performance according to Igbinosa (2014) is the outcome of learning endeavour specified and signified by a test conducted which considers a learner as having passed or failed. Jansen (2004) defined academic performance as the process of developing the capacities and potentials of the individual student so as to prepare that individual to be successful in a specific society or culture. That is to say, a student cannot attain success if ones’ academic performance is poor. According to Daller and Phelan (2020) posited that English language proficiency for normative speakers is a key factor in academic success. Of all the variables that affect students’ performance, language is the most essential (Haydar and Uyar, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">All secondary schools in Nigeria as well as Sapele local government area to be precise have English as the primary official medium of instruction, this research is focused on these students’ inability to communicate in English Language either in Speaking, Writing or Reading and how this is a detriment to their Academic performance on the long run.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Poor academic performance at secondary school level of education is a product of the student’s English proficiency, the teachers, the school, home, and environment and so on. While the teachers have a role to play, a large percentage and portion falls on the students English proficiency.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Proficiency in English is of utmost importance and is regarded by various researchers as one of the determining factors of academic performance. This topic tackles the issue on whether English proficient students are academically successful, how proficiency in English can be useful in their academics as a whole, what makes and does not make students proficient and so on.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Many people as well as scholars have stressed that proficiency in English is a criteria for secondary school student’s academic performance and career choice. A great deal of the rules and principles guiding subjects like Maths, Literature, Christian Religious studies amongst many others are rooted in the usage of English. Students that have low English language use skills will be unable to express themselves thereby having an adverse effect in their written tests and examinations. The lack of English proficiency in various subjects among secondary school students across the country and in Sapele to be precise, seems to fall greatly on the certain factors such as;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The ineffectiveness of subject teachers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lack of drive on the part of the students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Environmental (class size) / Governmental (the curriculum) factors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Difficulties in reading comprehension.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Home factor inclusive.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Some researchers have documented findings on the necessity of English proficiency among not just secondary school students but the teachers who have a mandate to impact sound knowledge in students and likewise be role models in different Nigerian institutes of learning. Based on the above listed factors, the researcher seeks to carry out research on the Proficiency in English being a determinant in Secondary school student’s academic performance and career choice.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To establish student’s proficiency in English as a second language in learning in Sapele.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To find out the effect of proficiency in English language on student’s academic performance and career choice.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Hypotheses of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: There is no significant relationship between English language proficiency of school students of and their average grade during the previous year.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H2: There is no significant relationship between the English language proficiency of the respondents and their grade during the first grading period in the academic year 2022-2023.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">On completion of this study, it would have been determined through data analysis gathered that the independent variable considered in the research on English Proficiency determines the dependent variable.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study is of great importance because its outcome/results would help pin point the correlation between proficiency in English as a determinant for success in the academics of students as far as the findings of various factors that may affect the academic performance of students have been recognised in this study. On the long run, proficiency in English is considered one of the prominent factors. Throughout this study, it will be established that proficiency in English is a direct link to the performance of students in secondary schools. If English as stated is proven as a determining factor, then issues of poor teaching skills in handling English language as a subject should be effectively looked into. This study would help in tackling issues pertaining to students overall performance in secondary schools, mapping out strategies to guide teaching curriculum which will in turn be of great aid to students guardians/parents including teachers.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study has its focus solely on the experience of the Sapele indigenes on Okpe soil. It will focus on secondary school students in Sapele as the study covers three secondary schools located in Sapele, Sapele local government area where Okpe and Urhobo are the predominant indigenous languages while English language is learnt in schools. The population will be comprised of secondary students.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">46 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-1841829707692631902023-10-19T15:32:00.002+01:002023-10-19T15:32:21.659+01:00SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION AND STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The goal of the study was to determine how Software Development application has affected students' intellectual growth in a few selected secondary schools in Lagos State's Agege Local Government Area. Subheadings were used to review the large and pertinent literature for this investigation. The use of the questionnaire and the sampling procedure, along with the survey study design, were utilized to evaluate the responses of the chosen respondents. For this survey, 200 (two hundred) respondents were chosen and used, which accounted for the majority of the population. In this study, three null hypotheses were developed and tested using the independent t-test statistical method and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical tool at the 0.05 level of significance. The following findings came to light at the conclusion of the analysis: Software Development application has a significant impact on students' mathematical performance, there is a significant difference in student achievement between students taught by computer-literate teachers and those who are not, there is a significant connection between the teaching strategies of computer-literate teachers and those who are not, and there is a significant computer literate difference.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is impossible to overstate the importance of Software Development application in the educational and learning environment. ICT is used in the modern classroom in a variety of ways, from small-scale practical computer use to online learning that strengthens and develops students' cognitive and learning skills (Smith, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The advent of computers, the forerunner to our modern ICT, and the exciting potentials of computer-based instruction and learning led many researchers and funding organizations to devote a large portion of their resources to researching whether computers could take the place of teachers in crucial instructional roles. The idea that children will measurably gain from computers by merely giving them the software and hardware for an effective learning process is further perpetuated by the belief that computers should be introduced into the educational arena simply because "they are there" (Wheeler, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">We live in a digital world that is continuously changing. Almost every part of our lives is impacted by ICT, including working, socializing, studying, and playing. The way that young people communicate, network, ask for help, access information, and study has changed as a result of the digital age. We must acknowledge that young people now make up the online population, and they access the Internet through a range of devices, including computers, televisions, and mobile phones (Tapscott, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">We need to give our students meaningful, modern experiences that will enable them to interact with technology effectively and better prepare them for life after school as technology becomes more and more ingrained in our culture. It is well known that when ideas and skills are supported by technology and solid pedagogy, learners are motivated and deliberately involved in the learning process. To inform and improve the learning process, learning and teaching aims to provide resources for professionals, parents, and students to use these technologies (Wesley, Krockover & Hicks, 2008).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Software Development application is already a standard feature of everyday life. Over the past 20 years, the usage of Software Development application has fundamentally altered the practices and procedures of almost all commercial and governmental endeavors. Education is a very social activity, and good teachers who spend a lot of time getting to know their students personally have historically been connected with effective education. ICT in education allows for more student-centered learning environments. But as the world quickly transitions to digital media and information, ICT's impact on education and students' learning habits is becoming more and more significant, and this significance will only increase in the twenty-first century.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is a lot of emphasis on how academic knowledge helps countries flourish economically and socially. The importance of research outputs and their value to society have come under increased scrutiny as a result of this acknowledgment for higher education institutions like universities. In addition to doing research and teaching, universities also have a responsibility to directly support the economic development of the communities in which they are located (Etzkowitz, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The possibility exists for university research to help fulfill Millennium Development Goals like Education for All (EFA) objectives and improved access to secondary, vocational, and higher education All stakeholders, including higher education institutions, must take part in resolving the issues that nations have in enhancing access to education, enhancing the quality of education, and mitigating dangers to education systems posed by pandemics, natural catastrophes, and civil conflicts. Countries must improve the management of their educational institutions, provide better instructional materials, and enhance funding for teacher hiring, management, and training (Punie & (2006) Cabrero</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is impossible to overstate how important ICT is to attaining these objectives and how important higher education institutions are because they are involved in many ICT projects. The importance of Software Development application is recognized in many areas, including increased secondary and post-secondary education, reduced training costs, gender equality knowledge delivery, enhanced learning access through creating suitable learning environments, and many more (Kaino, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Osusanya and Oloyode (2003) state that with the rapid industrialization came the necessity to manage the ever-growing number of information about components and people. This served as the foundation for the creation of the computer. Large amounts of information are currently stored on sophisticated computers. Computers are used extensively in Software Development application, and the two fields are often considered to be interchangeable. Its expansion and development have been cited as one of the greatest accomplishments of the twenty-first century by Goyal (1998).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In fact, there are a number of websites on the world wide web (www) (such as sites from Google and Yahoo) that offer details on how the network is utilized for teaching different science or mathematics courses. Students learn how to think laterally, longitudinally, and across the board from the information at the sites. Results of research on how the use of computers in instruction affected students' attitudes toward and performance in science, especially in courses connected to mathematics, revealed a general improvement (Adamsons, 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A unique form of communication called telecommunication involves sending information over a vast distance. Software Development application also refers to methods for storing, retrieving, and updating information that are more effective and efficient than those that use paper. Students have recently profited from using Software Development application including computers, television, phones, and the internet as a reliable source of knowledge in their academic career or pursuit, especially in fields connected to science and mathematics. According to Uzoma (1999), students, who are primarily teenagers, use Software Development application, particularly the internet, to gather important educational information or materials, sign up for courses of study, and check their results for exams like JAMB, NECO, GCE, and POST UME, among other things.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Onuoha (2000), the introduction of information technology has simplified and made learning easier for pupils, particularly those in secondary schools that offer mathematics in our educational system. According to Onuoha, Software Development application has aided students in a variety of ways, including project writing and the gathering of data for useful research. Many students have been able to attain excellent academic success as a result. He added that pupils who are accustomed to using computers and the internet to carry out faster information storage and retrieval in the academic setting or school have seen a remarkable balance and effectiveness in their everyday activities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Adelekunnu (1994), socialization is the process of preparing children to fit the needs of the society in which they live. He contends that Software Development application can help pupils develop social skills, independence, and academic success. Additionally, it can assist individuals in upholding societal values and standards and achieving professional success. With the use of information technology, kids excel academically in schools, particularly in University of Calabar and science-related courses.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Many students have been detected in recent years engaging in or committing test fraud, particularly in calculation-based courses like mathematics and other science-related ones, to connect friends and co-conspirators.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the larger society, it has been observed that both adults and students utilize GSM phones to spread a variety of lies and dishonesty, which has caused corruption to become deeply ingrained in the culture in which we live. It's admirable that television shows are broadcast in more sophisticated ways, but many of them feature violent and deplorable movies, which children watch before acting out in ways that have a detrimental effect on their mental health. There is no doubt that the development of Software Development application has led to a rise in laziness and calculator dependence among students in calculation-based courses like mathematics. The majority of math students can no longer perform basic math operations without using a calculator, the internet, etc.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study aims to investigate how information and communications technology impacts secondary school pupils' performance in University of Calabar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Purpose of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The objectives of the study include to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Examine the influence of Software Development application on students’ achievement in University of Calabar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. The difference between the academic performance of students taught by mathematics teachers who are computer literate and those who are not.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To assess whether there is a relationship between the teaching method and the academic performance of students due to use of Software Development application.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To examine whether there is computer literate difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of Software Development application .</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following research questions were raised in this study:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Does Software Development application have an impact on students’ achievement in University of Calabar?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Is there any difference between the academic performance of students taught by mathematics teachers who are computer literate and those who are not?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Is there any relationship between the teaching method of teachers in University of Calabar who are computer literate and those who are not?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. Is there any computer literate difference in the academic performance of students due to the use of Software Development application?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The undermentioned hypotheses would be tested in this study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. There will be no significant influence of Software Development application on students’ achievement in University of Calabar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. There is no significant difference between the academic performance of students taught by mathematics teachers who are computer literate and those who are not.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. There is no significant relationship between the teaching method of teachers in University of Calabar who are computer literate and those who are not.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The following will benefit from this research:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Students: Students would gain from the study's conclusions and suggestions since they would enable them to become more knowledgeable about ICT in the classroom. Due to the advantages it offers, this program will help students to use Software Development application more actively.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Instructors: Given the findings and recommendations of this study, teachers would take advantage of the chance to engage in the usage of Software Development application because of the many advantages that can be gained from it. Software Development application and its purposes are also studied.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Family: This study will be helpful to parents because it will give them the knowledge they need to understand the advantages their children or wards are receiving from using Software Development application in their academic or extracurricular pursuits. Through this study, parents will have the chance to learn the value of Software Development application, and those who do not currently use it will begin to do so once they realize how useful it is for all aspects of human activity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Educational Authority The results of this study will help the school administration learn more about Software Development application and its uses, particularly in the lives of full-time students. The school authority in Nigeria would be able to broaden its policy about the availability and application of Software Development application in the educational system by following the study's recommendations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">a. The Society This study will help the society become more receptive to information and communication technologies because of the benefits it offers. The society will benefit from this study by learning more about Software Development application and how it operates in the modern environment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The impact of Software Development application on students' intellectual growth was examined in this study in the University of Calabar.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">51 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-86233322016078744522023-10-19T15:28:00.005+01:002023-10-19T15:28:37.965+01:00IMPORTANT OF PHONETICS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION IN OREDO LGA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>Abstract</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Phonetics is one important part of language learning and it contributes to language literacy through involving learners understanding the relationship between letter form and speech sound. It’s made evident that younger learners are shown the ability to learn a foreign language in many researches and thereby phonetics should be taught systematically as part of a balanced and integrated English language program. It’s found that the impact of phonetics instruction on development of early childhood education could be reflected and denoted in four parts or areas of language learning, i.e. pronunciation development of early childhood education, spelling development of early childhood education, vocabulary development of early childhood education and reading development of early childhood education. It’s hoped that this research provides a useful reference for future phonetics instruction practice among younger English language students.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">More than a century of debate has occurred over whether English phonetics should or should not be used in teaching beginning reading due to the complexity of written English [1]. Since the turn of the 20th century, phonetics has been widely used in primary education and in teaching literacy throughout the world [1]. Thus, what benefits may accrue from learning phonetics in the first few years of life? Should phonic awareness and instruction be integrated in English language learning program among pre-school learner? In this thesis, we try to offer advice on why to teach phonetics to early childhood education and figure out the impact of phonetics instruction on early childhood education’ development in English language learning. This paper is a summary of this research work, which hopefully provides a useful reference for future phonetics instruction practice among young language students.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Two central and key concepts constitute the idea of phonetics: grapheme and phoneme. Grapheme is a written symbol that is used to represent speech, while phoneme is one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language. Specifically speaking, grapheme and phoneme represent respectively letters or groups of letters and their pronunciations. The core content of phonetics, in somewhat simpler terms, is the relationship between word form and sound, or say, letter and speech sound. According to Allen, phonetics refers to the set of relationships between sounds and how they can be represented by letters of the alphabet in print; that is, the sound-symbol relationships or grapho-phonetics [2]. Yoop who held the same viewpoint of Allen, pointed that phonetics is view as a method which stresses the letter-sound correspondences connection in alphabetic orthographies [3]. As the example given by Groff, phonetics is information about how the speech sounds in oral language (e.g., /b/-/ ǎ /-/t/) are represented by letters of alphabet (e.g., bat) [4]. As to phonetics instruction, Hsu viewed that that phonetics instruction referred to all the teaching and approaches used to present or introduce the letter-sound correspondence relationship [5]. To sum up, all above mentioned definitions focus on a body of knowledge about letters and sounds, especially the letter-sound correspondence connection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The phonetics is easily confused with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which is widely used among English learners. The IPA was devised by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association">International Phonetic Association </a>as a standardized representation of the sounds of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language">spoken</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language">language. </a>It’s an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet">alphabetic </a>system of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription">phonetic notation </a>based primarily on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. That is, it was devised to represent the sounds heard when words are pronounced. The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)">speech segment</a>). The abstractness of the symbols causes a learning burden to the students. And teaching two sets of similar symbols during an early stage of language learning will cause confusion and produce a sense of frustration for students [6]. Furthermore, students who rely on the IPA symbols will fail to develop the decoding process and feel helpless in sounding out new or unfamiliar words when there is no phonetic symbols transcription [6]. As Curtis stated, learners don’t have to memorize vocabulary and spell the words, because they have been given a tool that can be used over and over again while reading and writing [7]. The phonetics principles can be wildly applied to help children with spelling and reading, which is much better than rote memorization and guesswork[6]. To sum up, compared with the IPA symbols, phonetics seems to have much more advantages. In practice, IPA can be related to phonetics through helping crystallized some confusing word pronunciation and remind learners to read words more accurately.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Phonetics exerts considerable influence on contemporary society and the most of the society begin to pay attention to phonetics and actively participate in the educational reform. In generally terms, there are several different methods for teaching phonetics: synthetic phonetics, analytic phonetics and analogy phonetics. Many researchers are favor of the synthetic phonetics instruction, which uses a part-to-whole approach to learn letter-sound (grapheme-phoneme) relationships in a clearly defined incremental sequence, and it’s found that synthetic phonetics instruction can bring about more productive reading, spelling and great phonemic awareness than analytic phonetics instruction[8]. Overall, phonetics is being preceded in a great many of English-speaking countries, such as Canada, Australia, UK, Singapore later on. Children in those English-speaking countries usually started to receive phonetics training when they were in the elementary school. And it is the dominant method to teach and learn the pronunciation and words[9]. Owing to the education reform of North Nigeria, phonetics method as a new model of second language teaching has become the prevailing teaching method since the 1990s[9]. It’s found that researchers and educators discovered phonetics instruction as an English teaching instruction not only for young native speakers but also for EFL learners. In light of a large body of research on the effectiveness of phonetics in EFL learning, phonetics instruction was largely embraced by EFL learners in Asian countries such as China.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Phonetics, or the method of breaking words down into sounds, was first introduced to reading instruction in the United States in the 1790s (Morrow & Tracey, 1997). Phonetics is a way of teaching reading that stresses the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences and their use in reading and spelling (National Reading Panel, 2000).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the mid - 1800s, reading instruction took a turn with the introduction of the word method, in which children learned to read and memorize entire words rather than analyze words according to their sound (Morrow & Tracey, 1997). Educational historian Nila Smith stated, “Since the introduction of the method, the field of reading has been embroiled in a controversy surrounding the superiority of either a phonetic approach or a whole-word approach to early reading instruction” (As cited in Morrow & Tracey, 1997, p. 645).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In the late 1990s, the National Research Council brought together reading researchers and educators that favored both the word method and the phonetics method to examine which method of instruction should be supported by public policy. In the end, the group endorsed the value of teaching both letter-sound relationships and a range of whole language strategies, including the extensive use of good literature, a focus on comprehension and the use of developmental spelling for beginning writers (Zemelman, Daniels & Bizar, 1999).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Currently in Phonetics, there are three different approaches. The first form of instruction is explicit instruction. “Explicit instruction is the systematic sequential presentation of phonetics skills using isolated, direct instruction strategies” (Morrow & Tracey, 1997, p. 646).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Often in explicit instruction, teachers use worksheets to assess a student’s phonetic knowledge. The second form of instruction is contextual instruction. Contextual instruction includes learning within meaningful or functional contexts (Morrow & Tracey, 1997). In contextual instruction, teachers use activities like a morning message, a storybook, language chart or a text in which an element of phonetics is pointed out. The last approach to Phonetics is the combined approach. The combined approach is Phonetics in which both explicit and contextual instructions are used (Morrow & Tracey, 1997).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Problem Statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is unknown the impact phonetics and phonemic awareness instruction in the early childhood education, will have on the students’ ability to read on grade level by the end of first grade.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Reading is a vital part of life and a focus of elementary school teaching. The use of phonetics to aid in teaching children to read is an important element of successful reading programs, however there are no established requirements for elementary school teachers in how they should teach phonetics. Incorporating phonetics into reading programs is a successful way to teach phonetics; however, there are still teachers that teach phonetics and reading distinctly and therefore their students are not as successful (Ellis, Hatcher & Hulme, 1994). Furthermore, the addition of phonetics into reading programs has shown to be more effective in teaching students to decode words (Lapp & Flood, 1997). It is significant to start students in Phonetics in elementary school because students who have Phonetics early have a higher reading ability than those students who do not have a strong base in their early education (Ehri, Nunes, Stahl & Willows, 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Saracho (2017), from the beginning of formal schooling in Nigeria, disagreement has existed on ways to teach reading (p. 302). For many years, researchers have debated the best approach to teaching students to read. Some advocate for Phonetics where children learned to sound out each letter in a word to identify the word, while others advocated for the whole word method where students memorized the words then looked at the words to recognize and read them in text. Each process of teaching reading has its success and failures with students. Ring, Barefoot, Avrit, Brown, & Black (2012) wrote, “Students with reading difficulty typically struggle to read fluently despite the inclusion of fluency in their core classroom instruction” (p. 101).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Much research has been conducted to determine the effect of early literacy on future reading success. According to the National Early Literacy Panel (2008), the acquisition of emergent literacy skills during the preschool years is predictive of children’s reading and writing abilities. Consequently, the teacher’s role in intentionally providing literacy-rich experiences and environments for students is critical to reading success. Rupley, Blair, & Nichols (2009), reported the “explicit/direct instruction has been shown to be efficacious in learning and teaching the major components of the reading process: phonemic awareness, phonetics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension” (p.126). Reading is a puzzle containing many pieces and </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">according to Salinger (2003), “Students must have understandings, skills, and strategies in these areas because each area represents a piece of what might be called the cognitive puzzle” (p. 76).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Saracho (2017), many students find that their language and culture at home vary from the one that is used by the teacher, the school, and the schoolbooks. (p. 302). As a result of this difference, these children may encounter functional language difficulties, such as differences in using language to communicate for various purposes. Additionally, these language differences create gaps that teachers must work to eliminate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research was conducted at a small Title I school within a rural county located on Lagos state’s Eastern Shore. Students at this school typically come to school with gaps in their literacy exposure from the home environment. For the past three years, a mere 26% of students entering Kindergarten in the school of study have demonstrated readiness, as evidenced by the Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA). Additionally, 47% of students fell in the “approaching readiness” category, while 32% of students were in the “emerging readiness” category (chart 1, School 1). On this same assessment, Language and Literacy was the second- lowest category, with Mathematics falling slightly lower for the same three-year period (chart 2). This data was the impetus that prompted district leadership to initiate universal early childhood education in the Lagos state of the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1) What effect does Phonetics in the childhood education classroom have on students’ ability to read on grade level by the end of first grade; and</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2) What effect does phonemic awareness instruction in the childhood education classroom have on students’ ability to read on grade level by the end of the first grade?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Significance of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Student literacy is a crucial factor in determining success in school. The teaching of reading and literacy is an essential part of schooling. Thus, schools and districts must find effective and efficient methods for achieving this task, as evidenced by higher reading achievement scores. Jones (2006) repeated the need for school personnel to select research-based programs and practices as outlined by congressional mandate. Reading is a complex activity that requires students to use many skills at one time. Skills such as decoding and segmenting and blending letters and sounds are used to identify and read whole words. Because starting kindergarten students on the path toward long-term success with reading is an important kindergarten goal, childhood education teachers have the task of lighting the way of this literary journey. Childhood education teachers must establish literary routines for these students – especially those who may not have had literary exposure. According to Lawhon and Cobb (2002), children’s literary abilities grow when there are opportunities to see, share, act, sing, classify, observe, make decisions, develop sequencing skills, recognize and understand relationships, read and tell stories, interact, talk, listen, and play (p. 113).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Lonigan, Burgess, and Anthony (2000), there is a strong continuity between the skills with which children enter school and their later academic performance. Those children who enter school with limited reading-related skills are at high risk of qualifying for special education services (p. 596). It is not known the effect that phonetics and phonemic awareness instruction in the childhood education classroom has on students’ ability to read on level by the end of first grade. This study will investigate and compare the end of year reading levels of first- grade students who received phonetics and phonemic awareness instruction in the childhood education class to the end of year reading levels of first-grade students who did not receive this instruction. It is a strong possibility that students who are poor readers by the end of first grade will continue to struggle with reading during the elementary years.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Literacy growth and development is a life-long process that begins before birth. Lawhon and Cobb (2002) contend that from the time a human voice is heard, the abilities for listening, and later cooing, babbling, and the production of other vocal sounds are developing (p. 114).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Lonigan et al. (2002) further contends whereas more traditional approaches to the study of reading often take as their starting point children’s entry into the formal school environment, an emergent literacy approach conceptualizes the acquisition of literacy as a developmental continuum with its origins early in the life of a child, rather than as an all-or-none phenomenon that begins when children start school (p.596).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Limitations</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A limitation identifies potential weakness of the study over which the researcher has no control (Jarvis, 2016). A limitation of this study is that it contained a small sample of two groups of students from one rural elementary school in a Lagos state school district. Another limitation is this study collected ex-post facto data over a relatively short time-frame due to time constraints.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It would have been helpful to do some teacher interviews from both groups, as well as interviews with administrators, reading coaches, and curriculum supervisors to gain a better perspective of the phenomena at this rural elementary school. These items were limitations because they could have either supported or refuted the findings that resulted from this study (Marshall & Rossman, 1999).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Delimitations of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A delimitation addresses how a study will be narrowed in scope and is the place to explain the things that were not done and why they were not (Marshall & Rossman, 1999). The ex-post facto data collection was from the one rural elementary school on the Eastern Shore of Lagos state after the unbarred reading scores were released and put on an Excel spreadsheet.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A review of the literature was done to determine the best practice for analyzing the data gathered through this research design. The data analysis consisted of descriptive statistics along with t-tests to calculate the results. The researcher went to great lengths to protect the ex-post facto data by having any identifiable names, numbers or ID’s removed before receiving the data, storing the data on a password protected computer and thumb drive kept in a locked room in the researcher’s absence. Triangulation, using more than one method to collect data, was not performed but would have expanded this research study and added more credibility.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Education </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/education-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">51 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-14057509248622207372023-10-19T15:22:00.004+01:002023-10-19T15:22:42.711+01:00THE IMPACT OF TAX REVENUE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM RIVERS STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The level of revenue generated in the state has been in a declining form due to poor administration and collections of taxes and lack of proper return of accounts. These are the negative effects that affect government Economic Growth which are targeted to meet her basic functions like provision of basic amenities for her citizenry in the state. The aim of this research study is to evaluate the effect of tax administration on Economic Growth to the Rivers state government. The research design adopted in this study was survey research method. Primary and secondary sources of data were used in collecting information which was analyzed using simple percentages and hypothesis tested using chi – square statistical method at 0.05 level of significant for validity and to make decisions. Findings show that there was rampant incidence of tax evasion and avoidance in the state, and the tax administration in Rivers state is inadequate, not effective and not efficiently managed thus: inadequate staff and facilities also hinder tax administration and collection. The researcher, in the final analysis drew a lasting conclusion, some of which are: the apathy of Rivers state people towards payment of tax could be reduced by involving them in the decision making of tax administration, collection and utilization of the tax revenue. The environment should be made better by both the government and its agencies. The staff of the SBIR Rivers should be well remunerated and ensure adequate administration of tax laws in accordance with the laid down rules and regulations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Recently the <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">revenue</a> that accrues to state government is derived from two broad sources, viz: the external sources and the internal sources. The increasing cost of running government coupled with dwindling revenue has left various state governments in Nigeria with formulating strategies to improve the <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">revenue</a> base. More so, the near collapse of the national economy has created serious financial stress for all tiers of government. As a result of fall in the international price of oil and the collapse of the national economy, the direct allocation from federation account to the states has fallen. Despite the numerous sources of revenue available to the various tiers of government as specified in the Nigeria 1999 Constitution, since the 1970s till now, over 80% of the annual revenue of the 3 tiers of government come from petroleum.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, the serious decline in the price of oil in recent years has led to a decrease in the funds available for distribution to the states. The need for state and state governments to generate adequate <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">revenue</a> from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance (Raji, 2015). This urgent need for improvement in Economic Growth has underscored the reason why revenue from tax has been the focus of state government in improving the Economic Growth. The importance of taxation as a source of <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">revenue</a> to any government cannot be overemphasized. The study of the teachings of Christianity, Islamic and other prominent religions in the world shows that tax is a religious duty based on social and civil responsibilities (Agbetunde, 2004). The world over, taxes is one major source of government revenue, however, not every national government has been able to effectively exploit this great opportunity of Economic Growth.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This can be attributed to a number of reasons including the system of taxation; tax legislation; <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">tax administration</a> and policy issues; over reliance on other sources of revenue (such as foreign aid and grants); corrupt practices in the system – especially as it relates to the system of tax collection and behaviour of citizens towards tax payment; and ease of tax payment (Akintoye and Tashie, 2013). Nigeria is richly endowed with natural resources chief of which is oil and gas. This oil and gas dominate the country’s economy as it accounts for over 80% of the country’s revenue thereby making government to lose its sense of reasoning in exploring other revenue sources. The overdependence on oil and gas has led to low GDP and economic retardation. According to Okoyeuzu (2013) taxes are the major tools required to overcome such and also to control other market imperfection, and achieve social justice by wealth redistribution. Due to the over reliance on oil, little effort has been made to generate sufficient revenue from taxation. Popoola (2009 cited in James Abiola) opines that Nigeria tax administration and practice be structured towards economic goal achievement since government budget for the year centres on the oil sector while decrying the low productivity of the Nigerian <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">tax system.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Jhingan (2008) to meet up with their numerous commitments and live up to their responsibilities, governments thus, require a substantial amount of funds; such funds are usually raised from various sources such as issuing of public debt, creation of money or levying of various types of taxes, fees, fines and specific charge. Ariyo (2014) opines that Nigeria’s over dependence on oil revenue to the total neglect of other revenue sources was encouraged by the oil boom of 1973/1974. This was unsustainable due to frequent negative fluctuation in the price of oil in the world market; this fluctuation has led to low revenue from oil and resulting in budget deficit. <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">Financial</a> resources are needed for the developmental goals of any successive and successful government to be achieved. Such goals may include provision of infrastructure, security of life and properties and maintenance of law and order. Fagbemi, Uadiale and Noah (2010) opine that government needs money to execute their social obligations which include provision of infrastructure and social services. Ogundele (1999) views taxation to be the process or machinery by which communities or groups of persons are made to contribute some agreed amount of money for the purpose of administration and development of society. Aguolu (2004) states that though taxation may not be the most important source of revenue to the government in terms of the magnitude of revenue derivable from taxation, however, taxation is the most important source of revenue to the government from the point of view of certainty and consistency of <a href="https://www.modishproject.com/effective-tax-administration-and-its-impact-of-internally-generated-revenue-of-states-in-nigeria-the-lagos-state-model/">taxation.</a></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Apart from the over reliance on oil, mismanagement of tax revenue has scared many honest payers away from performing their civic responsibility of paying tax. In many parts of Nigeria, citizens are opposed to the payment of any form of taxes and rates on the ground that government had been unfair in the provision of amenities for which tax is primarily collected. Evidence of wastage of public funds abound in the form of inflated contracts or in the criminal acts of using diverse methods and loopholes exhausts funds voted for ministries and government departments before the financial year runs out (Ovute and Eyisi, 2014). The cumulative effect thereby produced is the resolve of many honest tax payers never to pay their due taxes again or at most pay under compulsion (Kiabel and Nwokah, 2009 cited in Ovute and Eyisi, 2014). If the tax administration is seen to be honest, fair, informative and helpful, acting as a service institution and thus treating tax payers as partners and not inferiors in a hierarchical relationship, tax payer have stronger incentive to pay taxes with honesty (Frey, 2003 as cited in Ovute and Eyisi, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ability to generate enough revenue by states is dependent on the philosophy and the available human resources to drive it, hence each state relies on the human skills at its disposal as well as its constitution to mobilise as much revenue as possible. Much as the skilled revenue mobilisers are necessary, there must also be active legislative arms to promptly pass law that would empower the state government on any relevant revenue source that is just being discovered. The federal allocation to state governments to maintain their financial obligation is always inadequate; hence so much emphasis is placed on internally generated revenue. This is however been plagued by tax evasions, avoidance, poor record keeping and inability to cover all the tax nets available to the state government due to encroachment of sister states or federal government on what is legitimately due to the state under review. As the citizens expect the government to live up to expectation, the government, on the other hand, have some limitations through dwindling revenues, as the internally generated funds are always found to be inadequate.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of the study is to ascertain the effect of tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state, using the state board of internal revenue as a case study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of the research work is to</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine if the use of mechanical and outdated system in recording and keeping accounts affect tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To ascertain whether lack of adequate staff in the SBIR affect tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To examine if enlightening the tax payers on the importance of taxation affect tax administration in the state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To determine if the effectiveness and efficiency of personal income tax collection and administration in the state is properly manage.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. To ascertain whether they are corrupt alliance of tax collectors with tax payers to avoid tax for them (tax collector) to make fast money.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To what extent has the use of mechanical and outdated system of keeping and recording accounts affect tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To what extent does lack of sufficient staff and inadequate training of the available tax collectors affected tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To what extent has lack of improper enlightening of tax payers has affected tax administration on Economic Growth in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To what extent has tax administration in Rivers state been effective and efficiently manage.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Ho: The use of machnical and outdated system does not affect tax administration and collection in Rivers State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Hi: The use of mechnical and outdated system affects tax administration and collection in Rivers State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho2: Inadequate staff and training of the available tax collector does not affects tax administration and collection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Hi2: Inadequate staff and training of the available tax collector affects tax administration and collection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ho3: Enlightening the tax payers on the important of tax payment does not affect tax administration in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Hi3: Enlightening the tax payers on the important of tax payments affects tax administration in Rivers state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The need for this study bears from the currents troubling tax administration in Rivers State in particular and in Nigeria, in general. Therefore, this study seeks to find solution to the problems identifiable through historical and empirical approaches. The discoveries and suggested solutions by this research work will be useful to the government and the taxpayers. Specifically, the Board of Internal Revenue and Inland Revenue found this project useful. It serves as light unto their path to see structural problems associated with tax administration and would, however, make it instructive for them to make amend. It is, however, pertinent to state that the Rivers State Board of Internal Revenue is the researcher’s main point. The members of the public already polluted with psychological depression regarding tax matters would, no doubt, found this study very important because it addressed this disorder. Finally, it would serve as a reference material for future research. It would identify the critical challenges such as corruption and fraud that are confronting the tax system so that appropriate measure could be taken to tackle the menace. It would serve as a powerful fiscal weapon to plan and direct the economy by shaping the economy growth and development of a state. It would serve as national debt and to provide retirement benefits.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7SCOPE OF THE STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is based effective tax administration and its impact of internally generated revenue of states in Nigeria. A Rivers state Model.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Financial constraint– Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Time constraint– The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Economics </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/economics-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">58 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-36021273132075094272023-10-19T15:19:00.003+01:002023-10-19T15:19:18.345+01:00EFFECT OF COMPANY INCOME TAX ON INTERNALLY GENERATED REVENUE IN EKITI STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study examined the impact of companies’ income tax on internally Generated revenue (proxy by IGR) in Ekiti state. Secondary time series panel data was collected for the period 2005 to 2014 from the Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study employed Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique based on the computer software Windows SPSS 20 version for the analysis of data, where gross Domestic product (GDP), the dependent variable and proxy for economic growth, was regressed as a function of company income tax (CIT) and value-added tax (VAT), the independent variables. The results of the analysis showed that both company income tax and value-added tax have significantly positive impact on internally Generated revenue. Based on the findings, the study recommended that government should strengthen the tax administration system to broaden the tax income, and embark on tax education to ensure voluntary tax compliance. The study also recommended that the tax authorities should employ qualified tax professionals who should be regularly trained and be retained in the tax administration system for efficient tax administration and collection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Taxation is the system of raising money in form of taxes paid by the citizens of the country in return for the services rendered by the government.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It could be recalled that taxation is instituted by God, this is traced back to “Mattew chapter 22 vs. 17-21”, when the Pharisees asked Jesus whether it is lawful to pay taxes or not. The Pharisees were later told render therefore to Caesars the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are to God.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Lekan .S. etal (2006), tax was described and not defined in the statues, but according to Cambridge international dictionary of English, it is “an amount of money paid to the government usually a percentage (%) of personal income or company profits”.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Okpe I.I (2000) tax is the transfer of resources and income from the private sector to the public sector in order to achieve some of the nation’s economic and social goals.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Taxation is universally accepted as a powerful tool in the hands of any government to raise income for its services and to ensure equitable distribution of income among its citizens.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, in every modern communities, a large amount of taxation is necessary for a public expenditure increases to promote social progress, taxation which is the main sources of funds also increases.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The present tax laws in Nigeria emanated from the Raismais commission in 1957. Before this time we only had what was called the income tax ordinance for the colonies and which was rather common in all the colonies and the provisions were very similar. Raim’s recommendation was the basis of provision in the Nigerian constitution order council of 1960 section 70(1) which conferred an exclusive power upon the parliament to make laws for Nigeria or any part thereof with certain uniform principles in respect of personnel and company income tax.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">During 1963 when Nigeria became a republic, the mid-western region was created out of the western region and they adopted the western region tax law accordingly with the amendments, the position under the republican constitution of 1963 and that the regions (now divided into states) assumed jurisdiction over the income tax of person other than companies. While the federal government assumed jurisdiction over the taxation of companies, the uniform principles under the income tax management act and the regional taxes in Ekiti State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Thus, after the creation of former 12 states in 27th may 1967, the state assumed the tax laws of the regions in which they were before the creation of such states. The uniform principle covered by the income tax management act of 1961 was as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(i) Specifies what income are exempted from tax.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(ii) What constitute income for tax purposes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(iii) Upholds residence on the basis for taxation or in the alternative, the principal place of business.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(iv) And recently prescribed the rates of tax and personal reliefs.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of The Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is high incidence of tax evasion and avoidance by tax payers. This may affect the amount of revenue collectible by the government for the running of administration. Furthermore, it is hoped that people were wrongly assessed and the assessment sometimes result to regressive taxation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What are the likely effects of corporate income tax changes on corporate private investment performance in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What are the likely effects of corporate private investment on internally Generated in Ekiti State?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What are the likely policy recommendations arising from the simulation application of the impact of tax reduction in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of corporate income tax on IGR in Ekiti State 2002 – 2022.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives are:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine the effects of corporate income tax rate reduction on corporate private investment in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To evaluate the effects of corporate private investment on internally Generated in Ekiti State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To make policy recommendations for efficient and effective tax system 3. reforms</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: There is no link between corporate income tax reduction and corporate private investment growth in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: There is link between corporate income tax reduction and corporate private investment growth in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance Of The Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The topic “company income tax on internally Generated in Ekiti State”, will educate the entire public on how the federation could encourage economic development and also how a reduced tax could promote the standard of living of the tax payer and increases his capital formation and investment thereby, resulting in a higher gross National Product (GNP) of the economy (country) and also promote the industrial development of the nation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study will be of immense benefit to the following group of persons.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(a) Government of the federation of Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(b) The business community for the purpose of companies income tax.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(c) The tax experts especially the practicing professional accountants.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(d) Enugu state university community.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(e) The Nigerian Institute of Management and Nigerian Statisticians.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(f) The economist and financial analysts or capitalist.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(g) The students of Accountancy profession and other allied professions.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(h) The tax-payers, especially the employers of labour and the employees of various organisations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">(i) Tax researchers</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope And Delimitation</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This topic company income tax on internally Generated in Ekiti State we cover all the 36 states of the federation and Abuja and the entire economy but the writer intends to limit this topic to only Ekiti state due to financial handicap, distance and time constraints.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, since the same tax Acts are applied throughout the federation Republic of Nigeria, the study of Ekiti tax system and economy shall be deemed to serve other states of the federation. Thus, the writer will rely heavily on the board of internal Revenue and state ministry of finance and Economy planning since they have adequate information and data on the government of Ekiti state of Nigeria, thereby covering all the local government areas of the state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Since there are often changes in the tax laws of Acts both at the state and federal level of government, the writer may wish to visit the chief inspector of taxes of some urban and rural local government areas in the state in other to confirm the information or data so collected from the Board of Internal Revenue and the state Ministry of Finance and Economy Planning.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Economics </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/economics-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">51 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-72106894760872402092023-10-19T15:14:00.004+01:002023-10-19T15:14:20.548+01:00SETTLEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE IN NIGERIA: THE NEW ROLE OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL COURT UNDER THE 1999 CONSTITUTION: A CRITIQUE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Whenever there is an employer/employee relationship, there is bound to be dispute relating to the conditions governing the relationship, which in industrial relation parlance is often referred to as trade or labour dispute. Unarguably, labour disputes have far and wide adverse effects on the growth and stability of the economy of any country. This must have informed the separate legal attention given to it across the globe. In Nigeria, we have the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN) which was established in 1976 and saddled with the responsibility of adjudicating trade and industrial disputes across the country. Prior to the establishment of the NICN, labour disputes were dealt with by the regular courts which were already saddled with enough duties. This posed untold hardship on labour litigants as access to justice was marred by unnecessary delays. Again, the procedures at the regular courts were too slow and cumbersome such that a nation desirous of rapid industrialization and socio economic development could not afford to be bogged down by such procedures and delays. When the NICN was formed, it encountered problems with respect to the enforcement of its decisions since it was not a superior court of record. The enactment in 2006 of the National Industrial Court Act which reestablished the NICN and purportedly recognized it as a superior court of record could not cure the defect since such recognition was yet to reflect in the constitution. Happily, a new dawn came for the NICN on the 4th of March 2011 when the then president of the federal Republic of Nigeria assented to the Constitution (Third Alteration) Bill 2010. With this development, the NICN was properly repositioned for the accomplishment of its role in maintaining industrial balance and harmony. What remains an issue which the researcher undertakes to discuss is the extent to which the NICN has been able to affect pivotal issues arising from industrial dispute such as unfair dismissal, remedy of reinstatement and unfair labour practices, to mention but a few. The researcher adopts construction of statutes, case law, journal articles, textbooks and internet materials as his methodology. At the end, the researcher found that the absence or inadequacy of essential labour provisions, the failure to ratify cogent ILO conventions and some level of passivity in the labour judiciary have considerably hampered the effectiveness of the NICN in positively impacting the employer/employee relationship. The researcher then recommends that our labour statutes should be amended to conform to ILO standards and that the government should make haste to ratify all such ILO conventions which positively impact the employer/employee relationship.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The National Industrial Court of Nigeria (hereinafter referred to as the NICN) is the only court with jurisdiction on labour and industrial matters in Nigeria. The decisions of the court are binding on the parties and are not subject to appeal. Only its decisions on fundamental human rights and criminal matters are appealable to the Court of Appeal. Quite a number of issues crop up every day from industrial dispute, and litigants do not look elsewhere in seeking redress for their rights than the National Industrial Court of Nigeria (NICN). Some of the labour rights violations include cases where an employer can wake up any day and decide to sack any or all of his employees for no just cause, or cases of discrimination of on grounds of sex, colour, race, religion, political view, etc., to mention but a few. All these obtain in the common law regime on labour matters which places the interest of the employer above that of the employee. But this regime is now moribund as most countries no longer abide by it, in keeping with international best practice. The position in Nigeria is sadly still tied to the common law regime. In the circumstance and generally, there is no security of employment in Nigeria. An employee who has worked for an employer all his productive life may have his employment terminated just for any flimsy or no reason at all and thus lose all the benefits and expectations of retirement the job held for him<a href="file:///D:/Project%20Library%20-Online%20Copy/_Downloaded%20Mats/Purchased%20doc2/COMMERCIAL%20LAW/SETTLEMENT%20OF%20INDUSTRIAL%20DISPUTE%20IN%20NIGERIA-%20THE%20NEW%20ROLE%20OF%20THE%20NATIONAL%20INDUSTRIAL%20COURT%20UNDER%20THE%201999%20CONSTITUTION-%20A%20CRITIQUE.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a>. The remedy of reinstatement is still in doubt for employees of the ordinary master-servant relationship. Section 36 (1) of the 1999 Constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria<a href="file:///D:/Project%20Library%20-Online%20Copy/_Downloaded%20Mats/Purchased%20doc2/COMMERCIAL%20LAW/SETTLEMENT%20OF%20INDUSTRIAL%20DISPUTE%20IN%20NIGERIA-%20THE%20NEW%20ROLE%20OF%20THE%20NATIONAL%20INDUSTRIAL%20COURT%20UNDER%20THE%201999%20CONSTITUTION-%20A%20CRITIQUE.docx#_ftn2">[2]</a> recognizes the citizen’s right to fair hearing. But in the Nigerian labour relations, most employees are not given any opportunity to defend the allegations leveled against them. The employers usually cook up false criminal allegations against their employees and subsequently dismiss them on that basis. The law is that it is for the court to decide whether a person is a criminal or not.<a href="file:///D:/Project%20Library%20-Online%20Copy/_Downloaded%20Mats/Purchased%20doc2/COMMERCIAL%20LAW/SETTLEMENT%20OF%20INDUSTRIAL%20DISPUTE%20IN%20NIGERIA-%20THE%20NEW%20ROLE%20OF%20THE%20NATIONAL%20INDUSTRIAL%20COURT%20UNDER%20THE%201999%20CONSTITUTION-%20A%20CRITIQUE.docx#_ftn3">[3]</a> Unfortunately, most employees are dismissed recklessly without the judicial determination of their guilt or otherwise.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Worse still, the apex of the issue is the seeming neglect by the Nigerian government of this ongoing suppression of the labour rights of employees in Nigeria. This is reflected by the failure of the government to amend our labour laws to conform to international labour standards and the non-ratification of some fundamental ILO conventions. Laws constitute the major weapon through which any court can administer justice. For instance, the problem of unfair dismissal has been internationally arrested by the ILO convention 158 and its Recommendation 119 on the Termination of Employment at the Initiative of the Employer, 1963. By the provisions of this convention, the NICN can positively impact industrial dispute with respect to dismissal without reason or with invalid reasons. However, what remains an issue is the extent to which the NICN can apply this convention given that it has not been ratified in Nigeria and its provisions have not been reflected in our labour statutes. In most cases, the NICN has found it difficult to let go of the moribund common law principles and this traces chiefly to the problems highlighted above to wit that that the government has failed to ratify the relevant ILO conventions or reflect them in our labour statutes.<a href="file:///D:/Project%20Library%20-Online%20Copy/_Downloaded%20Mats/Purchased%20doc2/COMMERCIAL%20LAW/SETTLEMENT%20OF%20INDUSTRIAL%20DISPUTE%20IN%20NIGERIA-%20THE%20NEW%20ROLE%20OF%20THE%20NATIONAL%20INDUSTRIAL%20COURT%20UNDER%20THE%201999%20CONSTITUTION-%20A%20CRITIQUE.docx#_ftn4">[4]</a> In some cases, however, the NICN has recognized some labour practices as unfair and in their respect awarded damages.<a href="file:///D:/Project%20Library%20-Online%20Copy/_Downloaded%20Mats/Purchased%20doc2/COMMERCIAL%20LAW/SETTLEMENT%20OF%20INDUSTRIAL%20DISPUTE%20IN%20NIGERIA-%20THE%20NEW%20ROLE%20OF%20THE%20NATIONAL%20INDUSTRIAL%20COURT%20UNDER%20THE%201999%20CONSTITUTION-%20A%20CRITIQUE.docx#_ftn5">[5]</a> This work will expose the several injustices perpetrated in the employer - employee relationship and as well point out how or whether the NICN has intervened to challenge the situation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In achieving its goal, which is to foster labour and industrial harmony, the NICN is faced with several challenges which either slow down or paralyze its efforts. For instance, it is best international labour practice for the NICN to make an order of reinstatement where it believes that an employee has been unfairly dismissed even in a master–servant relationship. But the absence of ratification of the ILO Conventions backing most of the best practices and the absence of such provisions in our labour statutes complicate the efforts of the NICN in applying them. However, the NICN is not just a court of law but a court of equity. Grasping its powers as a court of equity requires intrepidity on the part of the judges of the NICN. It is therefore in question whether there has been a substantial departure from the rigid common law principles which characterized the regime of the State High Courts on labour matters. Need therefore arises to examine the challenges with which the NICN is faced and the extent to which the NICN has been able to confront them in impacting industrial dispute.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Flowing from the brief information above, the questions which this research shall in due course deal with include the following:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. What is the scope of powers and jurisdiction of the NICN?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. What are the problems usually faced by employees (or workers) under the contract of employment for which relief is sought from the NICN?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. What impact has the NICN made in addressing these problems?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. What are the challenges encountered by the NICN in addressing these problems?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>1.3.1 Aim and Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of the study is to critically analyze the impact of the NICN on industrial dispute. The objectives of the study are as follows:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. To analyze the history, powers and jurisdiction of the NICN.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. To discuss the nature of Industrial Dispute.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii. To evaluate the roles of the NICN in restoring labour and industrial harmony especially as it affects the employer–employee relationship.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iv. To identify the challenges facing NICN and how the challenges may be eliminated.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Methodology</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The researcher uses the analytical approach which involves a critical evaluation of the facts and information relative to the research being conducted.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">One of the challenges facing the NICN is the lack of public awareness of its functions, jurisdiction and operation. This work provides vital insight into what the NICN is set to achieve, how it operates and the challenges it is facing in transforming industrial dispute. Therefore, this work will be of great value to students, lawyers, judges and even litigants such as workers, employers and their various associations.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Limitation and Scope of Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The only constraint encountered by the researcher is the limited space or number of pages outside which the researcher is instructed not to exhaust. Thus, the researcher encountered some difficulty in compressing the findings to comply with the instruction. The scope of this work shall centre on those areas in which the NICN, in exercising its jurisdiction has impacted industrial dispute and other areas where something needs to be done for parties especially the employees to finally benefit from the jurisdiction of the NICN.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.8 Definition of Terms</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“Claimant”: This includes every person asking any relief (otherwise than by way of counter –claim as a defendant) against any other person by any form of proceeding.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“Employer–Employee relationship”: This means any arrangement or relationship between two persons where one called the employer employs another called the employee to work for him under a contract of employment.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“Matter”: This means every proceeding in court or order in a cause.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“Minister”: This means the minister of employment, labour and productivity.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">“Organization”: This includes a trade union or an employers association.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Commercial Law </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/commercial-law-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">67 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-41021388041685629802023-10-19T15:09:00.007+01:002023-10-19T15:09:36.545+01:00EFFECT OF NYLON FIBER ON THE PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The self-compacted concrete (SCC) is a special type of concrete which settles down in the formwork and fills its every corner without any use of compaction or vibration. As SCC has higher flow-ability that causes brittle behaviour resulting in poor performance under tension and bending. The inclusion of randomly distributed short and discrete fibers is one of the most effective way to improve the tensile as well as flexural performance of SCC. In this regard this experimental study is undertaken to investigate the effect of nylon fibers (NF) on fresh and hardened properties of SCC. Two different lengths; 20 mm and 12 mm and five different volumetric percentages; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% of NF were used. The results revealed that addition of NF slightly affects the fresh properties of SCC. However, the extent of the effect is not of that order to be considered as major factor. The fresh properties for entire mixes lie within the required range according to EFNARC guidelines. The strength properties increases with addition of NF, the extent of increment is greater for the longer length of NF. The optimum volumetric fraction of NF for producing high strength SCC was found as 0.5%.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Self-Compacting Concrete; SCC; Nylon Fibers; NF; Fresh Properties; Filling ability; Passing ability; Hardened Properties; Compressive Strength; Spilt Tensile Strength.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 General Background</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Concrete is a main construction material, it is a composite material that consists of cement water and aggregates (fine and coarse), aggregates are considered as the most important components in concrete volume. For example, in normal concretes about three-quarters of the volume is occupied by the aggregates. The most important functions of using both fine and coarse aggregates are to provide bulk to the concrete, to increase the density and volume stability, to contribute in workability and uniformity of concrete mixes.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Generally, it is considered that aggregates quality is important in concrete mixing. Not only because the aggregates limit the strength of concrete, but, with undesirable aggregate properties cannot produce a strong, durable and structural performance concrete. Both physical properties and mechanical behavior of aggregates greatly influence fresh and hardened properties and behavior of concrete (A. M. Neville, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">On the other hand, nowadays recycling of waste materials poses a major problem for countries and municipalities worldwide. So, using or recycling these waste materials in construction industry at all and especially in concrete has attracted a lot of interest worldwide due to the increased disposal costs and environmental concerns (Senhadji et al., 2015; Kou et al., 2009; Haghighatnejad et al., 2016). Nylon fiber or nylon fiber is one of the most problematic waste materials. More than 20 million tons of nylon fiber is being produced per year all over the world (Brown et al., 2000). For years, the nylon fiber waste has been burned which caused the environmental pollution. But, today social awareness is finding the new methods of recycling nylon fiber wastes. Like, using nylon fiber as a replacement to either fine and/or coarse aggregates in concrete production will be beneficial behavior in environmental friendly concrete production (Yap et al., 2001).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Problem Statement</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nowadays, the world environment is facing to a very serious crisis because of waste materials and conventional ways of recycling or utilizing these waste materials. On the top of these materials is nylon fiber which has a great role in causing environmental pollution, also, until now there is not a very property way to reusing and/or recycling it. So by thinking towards using nylon fiber in construction industries may be a perfect way to recycling in a high amount and at the same time it can be a safe and economical way.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research is focusing on finding out the best way to utilizing the waste nylon fiber in construction industries in order to release the environment from this material in a safe and economical way. It is important to find out the critical effects of nylon fiber as an aggregate substitution, on mechanical and physical properties and long term durability of SCC concrete.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This thesis aims to investigate the effects of replacing a part of coarse aggregate with nylon fiber, on concrete performance. The objectives to be studied are:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Effects of nylon fiber on fresh concrete properties.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Influence of nylon fiber on concrete compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Effects of nylon fiber on flexural toughness,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Ultra sound pulse velosity readings before and after loading the specimens,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Long term durability-degradation tests againts heat,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· The optimum amount of nylon fiber waste plastic replaced to aggregates,</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">· Conclusions and recommendations for further research.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Organization of the Experimental Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This thesis is organized into five chapters as follow:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Chapter one is introducing the thesis subject, significance and objectives, while chapter two is about theoretical background and literature review of the study. Chapter three is containing the material and experimental procedure and description. Analysis of experimental results and discussions can be found in chapter four and finally, conclusions and recommendations for further research can be found in chapter 5, which is the last.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Civil Engineering </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/civil-engineering-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">66 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-89020979224477941352023-10-19T15:03:00.010+01:002023-10-19T15:03:57.732+01:00MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HOST COMMUNITIES IN ORON LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The role of multinationals in community development cannot be overemphasized. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important aspect of integrating the community and the companies that are within a given community. It is fundamental that corporate take into consideration the needs of the community beyond the growth of their organizations. Governments in developing countries are faced with great challenge to provide fundamental services to the people and this has left gaps in the community development. The government efforts in development of infrastructure, social amenities, health care, education among others has not been sufficient. It is these gaps that the multinationals are required to fill through initiatives that support the development of communities. However their role in community development is not always understood especially in Africa where they are involved in the production and processing of valuable commodities in agriculture, oil and gas industries. In Akwa Ibom state the presence of multinationals dealing with tea production has been very prominent. These multinationals include Mobil Nigeria Limited (MNL), James Finlay and Unilever Tea. Mobil Nigeria limited is the largest of these multinationals in Akwa Ibom state Oron LGA with fifteen tea estates and seven tea factories. This study was motivated by the increasing conflict between communities and the multinationals. There have been continued conflicts between the two and the study aims at assessing what role the MNCs play in community development and this assessed their contribution to community development as the main objective of the study. The specific objectives were based on their role in education, social welfare and infrastructural development. The study adopted two theories, the stakeholders’ theory and the theory of legitimacy. The study adopted a descriptive research design which was appropriate to bring out the reality on the role of MNL in community development. The data collected was analyzed and presented in topical discussions, tables and graphs as appropriate. From the study it was found that MNL has played a fundamental role in the community development in Oron LGA. In education it was evident that MNL has offered bursaries and sponsorship and also taken part in the infrastructure development of the schools. Under the social amenities MNL has played a crucial role in the construction of health facilities, taken part in the construction of churches and social halls. Finally, MNL has been involved in various projects under infrastructural development which include provision of water, maintaining roads and maintenance of playing grounds for various schools. MNL has therefore played an important role in ensuring the development of the community in Oron LGA.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has played a key role in the development of communities through promotion of individual wellbeing, group and community growth and development that are promoted through initiatives of corporations within communities. In the recent past there has been a widespread demand by communities for relevant direct and sustained benefit from Multinational Corporations (MNCs). The government has failed in many developing countries to respond to the needs of communities and this gap has been passed to various Multinational Corporations that have been set up within communities in developing countries. Due to the limited capacity of developing countries to utilize their resources especially in the mining industries and other industries such as coffee and tea industries MNCs have become wide spread in developing countries as they seek to fill the gap in the utilization of the resources in the developing countries (Culverwell, Lee, &Koziell, 2003).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Africa there are various MNCs that exist within the communities. In Nigeria due to the existence of the oil and gas mining the presence of MNCs has been increasing by the decade. In Cameroon there are several MNCS in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCGs) that have been set up including MTN, British American Tobacco (BAT) among other MNCs. East Africa has an increasing number of MNCs that run across various industries in the economy. In Nigeria MNCs can be traced back to the colonial period and this have continued to set base in Nigeria in a bid to take advantage of the rich resource base in the country. The tea and coffee industry are among the industries that have attracted MNCs in various parts of the country and their presence has been felt in all tea growing regions,(Buchholz and Rosenthal,2004).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The World Bank in its annual report in 1995 recognized that beyond capital investment it is important for MNCs to get involved in human capital investment. The World Bank holds that human capital investment is important for the overall economic as well as social development. It is therefore important to note that MNCs are not only important for capital investment but they hold a key role in global development through investing in human capital and providing the local people with tools to drive their own economic development (Nelson, 2006).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It has therefore been argued that corporations have a responsibility and obligation to help in solving problems of public concern (Monsen, 1974; Quinn & Jones, 1995). This therefore is a matter of the corporations going beyond self-interest of profit maximization and looking into the needs of the local people who are critical stakeholders of the corporations, (Velasque, 1996).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Ojala (2004), social responsibility has three major facets: operating within the given law (legal), having and abiding by the common ethical and moral standards, and giving philanthropically. He defines social responsibility as the obligation of both business and society to operate legally, uphold the moral-ethical standards, and philanthropic actions that takes care of interests of both parties their welfare as a whole, all of which has to be attained within their economic structures and capabilities of the society and the business.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Having good corporate practices by any corporations not only MNCs goes beyond the legal requirement. This has to be voluntary from corporations and generally acceptable as well as beneficial to the social communities surrounding the corporation. MNCs can therefore have direct participation in societal governance that is not limited to within the surrounding of the business but as far as the entire society in general. MNCs may from time to time be asked to take up extra responsibilities especially in circumstances where mechanisms regulating free market are not effective or not yet fully developed. Thus the MNCs have the extra challenge oin trying </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">to address social responsibility matters especially where legal framework is not in place, lack of societal infrastructure or prior existing traditions and inexperience in the market economy from the host country (Moon, Crane, and Matten, 2005).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mobil Nigeria Ltd</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Mobil Nigeria Ltd (MNL) has been rated as one of the biggest multinational tea producers in Nigeria. Reports from the state government of Akwa Ibom shows that MNL has 15 tea estates covering a total area of approximately 20,000 acres within Akwa Ibom state. The report also shows that MNL have established 7 tea factories within Akwa Ibom state. These tea estates are; Kapsumbeiywo, Kibabet, Chemomi, Kipkoimet, Savani, Kepchomo, Sitoi, Kipkeibon, Kaprochoge, Siret and Kibwari. From the list, MNL manages Siret, Kipkeibon, Kaprochoge and Kibwari on behalf of various private investors. MNL also owns 40% of NSE- listed Kakuzi Ltd that owns the entire 1500-acre Kaboswa tea estate. MNL is 70% owned by Camellia PLC which is an international group operating across 12 countries and the second largest private produce of tea globally.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The impact of Multi-National Corporations on host community development is not always clear. There has been continued pressure for corporations to be more open and accountable and to report publicly on their undertakings economically, socially and environmentally. A worldwide debate fueled by perceived double standards, corporate scandals and significant decline in social, economic and environmental developments in host communities by MNCs, has raised questions on commitment of the MNCs in supporting community development beyond pushing for their main agenda of profit generation for themselves.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This has led to continued pressure globally for MNCs to demonstrate their social accountability especially MNCs that are established in regions that have political sensitive environment worldwide. The continued involvement of multinationals companies in community and development initiatives has lead to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1998) definition of social/community involvement (issues) as: varied range of activities that includes community assistance programs; supporting education matters; nurturing a shared vision of a corporation’s role in the community; involvement in community health and safety; inculcating the culture of voluntary community work in employees; philanthropic giving; sponsorship;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was guided by the following objectives:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To determine how MNL has contributed to promotion of Education in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To ascertain the contribution of MNL to Social welfare initiatives in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To examine how MNL has taken part in infrastructural development in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To establish the challenges faced by MNL in promoting community development in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was guided by the following questions:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. What has the existence of MNL in Oron LGA played in the promotion of Education?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. How does MNL contribute to Social welfare initiatives in Oron LGA?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. What has been the contribution of MNL to infrastructural development in Oron LGA?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. What challenges is faced by MNL in Oron LGA in promoting community development?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Research Premises of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was undertaken under the premise that:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. The MNL has promoted Education by contributing to construction of schools in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. The MNL has contributed to the Social welfare development through construction of social halls in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. The MNL has contributed to infrastructural development through the building of stadia in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. The MNL has faced challenges in the promotion of community development in Oron LGA.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Justification and Significance</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was based on the background that MNCs have a responsibility to support community development in one way or the other. The findings of this study were instrumental in bringing out the effects that the MNCs bring on host community development and thus this will be fundamental for the government to understand these effects and keep the MNCs accountable where necessary. The study will also be important to the MNCs as this will bring out the expectations of the community to the MNCs and thus creating room for the MNCs to plan their CSR activities to respond to the expectations of the communities. The study will also be helpful to the local community in Oron LGA as this will be a communication tool for them on what the MNL have contributed in the development of their community and how they would want MNL to farther support them in development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope and Limitations</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study was conducted in Oron LGA, Akwa Ibom state. The Sub state was purposively selected due to the heavy presence of MNCs that have invested on thousands of acres of tea in the region. The study was also limited to the tea industry and in particular MNL company in Oron LGA. This study was limited by the minimal research that has been done locally on MNCs. Very few scholars have conducted studies on MNCs and this thus poses a challenge to the researcher due to lack of a grounded reference point for the study. The researcher however overcame this by relying on studies from other regions especially developing countries and this were used as reference points to develop a Nigerian context.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Business Administration </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/business-administration-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">55 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-36394532300222011632023-10-19T15:00:00.000+01:002023-10-19T15:00:07.652+01:00EFFECTS OF SUSTAINABILITY DISCLOSURES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DANGOTE CEMENT COMPANY<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sustainability has become an issue of major concern in the corporate world today. In recent times, investors have become more concerned about sustainability, hence sustainability has the potential to influence a firm‟s performance. This research examined the effect of sustainability reporting on corporate performance of Dangote Cement Company in Nigeria. To determine the association between sustainability reporting and corporate performance, data was obtained from the audited financial statements of Dangote Cement Company under study for a period of five years (2012-2016). The result of the study shows that Economic Performance disclosure (ECN), Environmental Performance disclosure (ENV) and Social Performance disclosure (SOC) have no significant effect on return on asset (ROA) of selected quoted firms in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Sustainability Reporting, Firm Performance, Return on Assets, Triple Bottom Line, Corporate Social Responsibility</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Organizations are generally established with an objective to maximize shareholders welfare while remaining profitable. More often than not, activities carried on by these organizations tell on the immediate environment in which they are located as well as the environment at large. In recent times, sustainability has become an issue of major concern around the globe. As defined by Brundtland (1987) sustainability entails meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Investors have also continued to increase demand for non- financial information one of which is a company‟s sustainability report. As a result, sustainability reporting as part of corporate reporting is fast gaining momentum especially with the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which emphasizes a lot on disclosures.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sustainability reporting as described by Elkington (2004) is the integration of reporting and accounting for social, environmental and economic issues in corporate reporting or simply the „Tipple bottom line reporting‟. The concept of sustainability reporting maintains that while a firm strives to achieve its traditional objectives of profit maximization, it is important that this profit is maximized through activities that seek to integrate social and environmental considerations into the decision-making process. An organization being part of a large system which has both direct and indirect influences on its operation and continued survival must effectively consider the social, environmental and economic effects of its activities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Firms are facing increasing demands from their stakeholders to integrate their efforts in environmental, social, and economic realms to ensure a sustainable world. Oil and Gas industries, in particular, are vulnerable to such pressures due to the nature of their business. Two of the identifying characteristics of the oil and gas industries are depleted products used as inputs for many finished products and do not renew in a short time frame along with the activities of extraction of oil and gas which leave environmental and social footprints. The demands for these inputs are increasing as they are needed worldwide to improve the standards and quality of living of this generation. Unless these activities are properly managed, they can result in irreversible harm to the communities.(Lee et al, 2011) A case in point is the recent oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico that not only damaged the ecosystem close to the drilling activity but also affected the livelihood of people that are reliant on the fishing and hospitality industries in New Orleans. There were quite a few instances that have brought oil and gas industries to their knees due to their mismanagement of resources.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The responsibility of a firm does not end at compliance to regulations and mandates, but to develop safeguards that will prevent disastrous events from occurring. The responsibility should also extend above and beyond to serve the current and future interests of the society. The notion of engaging beyond compliance is ethically desirable, albeit, it takes away resources from a firm’s immediate needs. There are studies that argue that it is not at the best interest of shareholders that a firm spends resources beyond compliance (Friedman 1970; Walley & Whitehead 1994; Elgin 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sustainability is a conceptual framework that recognizes that a viable relationship exists between an organization’s economic growth and its environmental and social activities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sustainability has been primarily used as a dialogue to frame business strategy as a dynamic approach for managers to frame organizational strategies and associated business activities. For managers, sustainability provides them a framework to view the business as having interdependence and intertwined in the local and regional as well as international communities for continued growth and profitability. (Fiksel et al, 1999)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Sustainability as an integrated framework encourages managers to reorient their business for new strategy and growth in new areas. It helps link the capabilities of business leadership and employees capabilities/competencies to align them with organizational resources. (Fiksel et al, 1999)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Most of the study however, had revealed on both negative and positive effects of financial and sustainability reporting. Interestingly enough, substantial disagreement still about whether management is obliged to focus on business in a more narrow sense relating all activities directly to financial performance or whether management has a social responsibility that requires voluntary social and environmental activities exceeding the compliance with regulations (Freeman 1984; Friedman 1997). This disagreement is strongly coloured by different ideologies and by perceptions of the social embeddedness and role of a company, ethical perspectives of leadership and the role of stakeholders in setting up a business.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Vlek and Steg (2007), as human population continues to grow, material consumption intensifies and production technology further expands there is a steady decline in the quantity and quality of environmental resources. There is continuing concern about nature fragmentation and loss of biodiversity, shortages in freshwater availability, over-fishing of the seas, global warming, extreme weather events, air pollution, water pollution, environmental noise and utter neglect and disregard for the protection of the immediate environment, much more the future environment. This type of environmental unsustainability associated with continuously rising demand and a shrinking resource base now spills over into social and economic instability.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In line with the above mentioned, organizations have been identified as central to the problem and must also be central to the solution. As pointed out by Welford (1997), organizations seem relaxed watching the natural system of the planet disintegrating, people starving and social structures falling apart. Human activities taking place today have a detrimental impact on the society, ecology and economy which future generations will experience. Increased social injustice experienced by people in the society and the increased damage to the ecosphere, are a result of objective of maximizing economic growth (Unerman, Bebbington & O‟Dwyer, 2007). As a result, the expectations of corporate responsibility in areas such as environmental protection, human rights, human capital, and product safety are rising rapidly. Key stakeholders such as shareholders, employees, and financial institutions want business to be responsible, accountable and transparent (Aondoakaa, 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Unerman et al (2007) is of the view that one way to address these issues is in terms of long-term need to ensure that economic activity is socially and environmentally sustainable. In the short-term it may be possible to have economic growth, while damaging society and the environment, but in the long-term this is impossible. Therefore, if organizations carry out their activities in such a way that causes continuous damage to the society leading to an unstable environment for economic activities, such an organizations‟ activities are neither economically nor socially sustainable.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Expectation for all organizations to be more transparent in how they treat the environment, how they handle their corporate governance issues, how they treat their employees, and how they treat their communities has continued to increase. Sustainability tends to focus on how to organize and manage human activities in such a way that they meet physical and psychological needs without compromising the ecological, social or economic base which enable these needs to be met. Unerman et al (2007) maintains that in practice, attempts to account for social, environmental and economic performance has increased among many organizations.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Organizations have increasingly embraced sustainability reporting. According to Global Reporting Initiative (2011), thousands of organizations worldwide now produce sustainability reports. KPMG International Survey of 2011 which covers 34 countries including Nigeria shows that 95 percent of the 250 largest global companies now report on their corporate responsibility activities. This is in response to the increased demand by stakeholders for organizations to be more transparent in how they treat their economic, social and environmental activities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It has been agreed by world business leaders and through academic research that sustainability tells on a firm‟s corporate responsibility, therefore any company that does not produce sustainability report could be seen as working towards unsustainable development.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The results however of most Sustainability Reporting and financial performance studies are either inconclusive or contradictory, reporting positive or sometimes negative results. Moreover, most of these studies were conducted in developed countries with properly enacted environmental and social laws which is not the case of Nigeria. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Sustainability Reporting on corporate performance of selected quoted firms in Nigeria.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The primary objective of this research was to ascertain the effect of Sustainability Reporting and its major components on corporate performance in a Nigerian context by studying selected quoted companies in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of this research were:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To ascertain the effect of economic performance disclosure (ECN) on Return on Assets of selected quoted firms in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To examine the effect of environmental performance disclosure (ENV) on Return on Assets of selected quoted firms in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To analyze the effect social performance disclosure (SOC) on Return of Assets of selected quoted firms in Nigeria.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In this study, the following hypothesis stated in null form were tested:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: Economic Performance disclosure (ECN) has no significant effect on return on asset (ROA) of selected quoted firms in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: Environmental Performance disclosure (ENV) has no significant effect on return on asset (ROA) of selected quoted firms in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: Social Performance disclosure (SOC) has no significant effect on return on asset (ROA) of selected quoted firms in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The outcome of this study will be of immense benefits to potential and existing investors in the sense that it shows how responsible a company they wish to invest in is and how willing they will be to make investment. Companies can also monitor their performance when they see how their report on sustainability affects their financial performance and their operating environment. This can help them achieve customer loyalty, greater access to finance and increased brand value. Creditors will also benefit as it shows the financial standing of the company as this will boost their confidence in the company. Academic researchers will also benefit as this will contribute to the body of existing literature which will be of immense benefit in the future. This study covers a period of five years, from 2011 to 2015 annual report data of twenty Nigerian companies who made the Forbes Africa top twenty five companies in West Africa in 2012. Forbes Africa (2012) Return on asset, economic, environmental and social data were extracted for the years under study. 2011 was chosen because the ranking was made in 2012 and 2011 annual accounts must have contributed immensely to their ranking performance. The rest of the study is divided into review of related literature, methodology, data analysis, conclusion and recommendations.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Business Administration </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/business-administration-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">50 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-9911427761312345842023-10-19T14:54:00.004+01:002023-10-19T14:54:40.771+01:00SMALL SCALE GARDENING AS A SOURCE OF LIVELIHOODS IN FUNE VILLAGE FARMERS<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study examined the livelihood strategies of small-scale farm households, their food security status and the challenges they face to meet their livelihoods in Fune Village of Yobe state. The research used both qualitative and quantitative methods. A survey was conducted with a sample of 60 farmers (30 were Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) beneficiaries while 30 were non- beneficiaries). Ten focus group discussions were held with farmers. Key informant interviews were also conducted with Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Field services officers and village headmen. The study revealed that the households depend mostly on agriculture for their livelihoods. The crops grown include maize, beans, groundnuts, sweet potatoes, cotton and sorghum. The average yield for maize, the staple food crop, is only about 1.7 tons per hectare, 57 percent below the minimum potential yield of at least 4 tons per hectare. Farmers keep animals such as cattle, goat and chickens. The results showed that farmers also engage in non-agricultural or off farming season activities that are sources of income for their households. These are sale of charcoal, petty trading, piece work, gardening and remittances. The study revealed that food security in the study area is a challenge, with about 87 percent reporting having food shortages during the year. The period with food shortages was between November and March with a peak food shortage in February. With regard to agricultural constraints, it was found that the most binding constraint was inability to buy hybrid seed and fertilizer mainly due to the high cost of the inputs. This was followed by lack of draught power and lack of human labour. Based on the findings, it is important that the government should improve farmer’s access to financial capital through deliberate loan facilities that target small-scale agriculture. Development efforts should consider supporting small-scale farmers through extension training to use existing animals more effectively by improving management practices such as strategic feed supplementation and disease prevention so as to substantially increase draught power availability. The use of donkeys as an alternative to cattle for draught power should also be promoted through extension training.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The majority of small-scale farmers in Nigeria use low levels of purchased input technologies, and as a result produces low yields and face chronic food insecurity for two to five months of the year. These households are therefore in need of support programs to increase their productivity and improve their livelihoods or food security. Smallholder subsidy programs such as Starter packs to all rural households, containing small packs of hybrid maize seed, fertilizer and either groundnut or soya bean seeds, have been implemented in some countries such as Malawi, Mozambique and Nigeria (Kachule and Chilongo, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Governments have initiated several developmental programs to increase food security. The Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) is one of programs the Nigerian government has put in place to help small scale farmers improve their livelihoods and food security. The principal objective of the Government was to stimulate sustainable increases in small-scale agricultural productivity as a poverty reduction strategy and</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">for the general improvement of rural livelihoods. Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) was introduced to catalyze small-scale agriculture by providing subsidized inputs (i.e. fertilizer and maize seed) over a fixed period of time. It was a transitional measure as the farmers were expected to require time to adjust to fully liberalized agricultural markets. Through this approach, eligible farmers have access to timely and adequate supply of inputs during the farming season. In turn, the farmers cultivate enough maize for domestic consumption and sale the surplus for cash income (ZNFU, 2008).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP) started in 2002/2003 agricultural season and the programme assisted about 120,000 small holder farmers with 48,000 MT of fertilizer and 2,400 MT of maize seed at 50 percent matching grant basis to grow about 360,000 MT of maize, (GRZ, 2008). The input pack consisted of 8 bags of fertilizer (4x50kg) D compound- basal and 4x50kg top dressing-urea and 20 kg seed. By 2008/09 farming season the government further increased the subsidy level from 60 percent in 2007/08 to 75 percent leaving the small-scale farmer to contribute only 25 percent of the selling price of inputs. In the year Fune Village, the government reviewed the Farmer input support programme as it was deemed critical to Nigerian’s food security. The FISP programme had its implementation modalities reviewed because the old one had implementation weaknesses (GRZ, 2008).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The current programme has increased the number of beneficiaries’ participation by reducing the size of input pack to four bags of fertilizer and 10 kg of seed (that is 2x50kg basal; and 2x50kg top dressing) for the Fune Village/10 farming season. The programme was planned to cover 500,000 small scale farmer as compared to 250,000 covered in 2008/09 farming season. The FISP is aimed at improving small scale farmers food security improve agriculture production, increase access of small scale farmers to seed and promote private sector participation in supply of inputs (GRZ, 2008). In a review study, Imboela (2005) observed that Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) in Kaoma district of Western province had not improved livelihoods of small scale farmers. The author highlighted some factors that inhibit FISP from being an effective poverty reduction instrument among small-scale farmers in Kaoma such as logistical problems of implementation like the late delivery of inputs, non- delivery of inputs, too many maize seed varieties and poor marketing facilities.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria has vast resource endowment with high potential for agricultural development. The country has a total land area of about 75.2 million hectares (752,000 square km), out of which 58 percent (42 million hectares) is classified as medium to high potential for agricultural production, with rainfall ranging between 600mm to 1500mm annually and suitable for the production of a broad range of crops, livestock and fish. The country also has potential of over 423,000 hectares of irrigable land of which only about 100,000 ha is currently irrigated among the large- scale, emergent and smallholder farmers. With the country’s abundant surface and underground water resources, there is potential to drastically increase the area under irrigation (Sitko, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria has not fully exploited the high potential in the agricultural sector partly due to many challenges and constraints. Low investment in the sector and low productivity especially among the small-holder farmers still remain challenges affecting the sector. In recent years, the sector has also been threatened with the effects of climate change characterized by droughts, water logging, seasonal floods, increased temperatures, shortening of the rain season (crop growing period) and long dry spells coupled with poor rainfall distribution (Sitko, 2011).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Economically, Nigeria is heavily dependent on the copper mining industry. The country’s main export is copper, which accounts for over 70 per cent of export earnings. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth has averaged 6.4 per cent for the period between 2006 and 2022 (CSO, 2012). However, Nigeria has in the recent past intensified efforts to diversify from copper dependence to other sectors, such as agriculture. Diversification efforts have been attempted through private sector-led initiatives or strategies. Thus, the country has embarked on the Private Sector Development Programme (PSDP), which is meant to attract both domestic and foreign investment in the various sectors of the economy (CSO, 2012).The mining industry has experienced exceptional growth in the last decade and prospects for further development are enormous. The sector therefore, is the major driver of growth, while it also provides impetus for value addition through the creation and expansion of the manufacturing industry. In addition, this is expected to create spillover effects through development of necessary infrastructure, especially those related to roads, railways, border facilities and reliable electricity supply. This has been complimented by redesigning of policies so as to encourage and attract private investment in exploration, re-investment and development of new mines through a stable and attractive fiscal and regulatory regime (GRZ, 2011). Despite these encouraging positive signs, poverty rates have remained persistently high at 77.9 per cent in rural areas as compared to their urban counterparts at 27.5 per cent in 2022 (GRZ, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The economic growth experienced during the last decade has not translated into significant reductions in poverty and improved general living conditions of the majority of the Nigerians. Job creation has not been commensurate with the gains registered from economic growth. Among the factors that have attributed to this </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">phenomenon are low labour productivity, low absorption capacity of the labour market for new entrants, particularly the youth and the concentration of growth in highly capital-intensive and urban-based sectors like mining, construction and services (GRZ,2011). In developing countries, often 70 percent or more of the population live in rural areas. In that context, agricultural development among small- scale farmers provides a livelihood for people allowing them the opportunity to stay in their communities (Guarino, Fune Village). Provision of sustainable livelihood particularly in the rural population has been a key development challenge in Nigeria since independence.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A livelihood in its simplest sense is a means of gaining a living (Chambers and Conway, 1992). Livelihoods are achieved when there are adequate stocks of food and cash to meet basic needs. A livelihood comprises of assets (stores, resources, claims and access) activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation (Chambers and Conway, 1992). However, most of Nigeria’s population has experienced serious challenges in having sustainable livelihoods. This is evident from the continued experience of food and nutrition security problems. Stunting rates in Nigeria stand at 45 percent, with 21 percent being severe (ZDHS, 2007). Stunting remains the most common nutritional disorder affecting under five year children in Nigeria. The stunting rates in Nigeria are above the Sub-Saharan Africa average of 42 percent (ZDHS, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Small-scale farming is a common farming system in Nigeria for people in rural areas. Small-scale farmers are subsistence producers of staple foods with an occasional surplus for sale. Unfortunately, there has been decreasing productivity in this type of farming system. This is due to a number of factors such as low use of purchased input technologies, dependence on rain-fed production, and soil degradation as a result of long term practices of subsistence agriculture associated with use of maize mono- cropping and use of chemical fertilizers which leads to loss of soil organic matter, fertility and structure (Mwale et al, 2007).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite the government of Nigeria spending money to improve livelihoods of small- scale farmers through a number of programs put in place such as the Farmer Input Support Program (FISP), there are high levels of poverty and food insecurity among rural households. Food insecurity is widespread in both rural and urban areas. For instance, in 2005, poverty was estimated at 78 percent in rural areas while in urban areas, it was estimated at 38 percent (CSO, 2005). Five years later CSPR (2022) observed that on average, 85 percent of people in rural areas and 34 percent in urban areas are still living under the poverty datum line.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">These high levels of poverty in rural areas perhaps indicate that crop and livestock production have not adequately increased in quantity, quality as well as in terms of added value, to contribute to food security and significant increase in rural incomes. As a direct consequence of this challenge, much of the development agenda focuses on directing scarce resources to providing food to people in need or enabling them to acquire it themselves (Smith et al, 2006). Stagnant agricultural production is contributing to an emerging structural deficit of food crops in Nigeria. Therefore, finding ways of effectively coping with this continued food deficit is critical for fostering economic growth, reducing poverty, and enhancing food/nutrition security for the people of Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Small-scale farmers’ livelihoods are predominantly agriculture based, and due to primary dependence on subsistence crop production in the country, harvest failure usually leads to household food insecurity. The absence of off-farm and on-farm income opportunities may also lead to asset depletion. It is therefore important to reduce vulnerability of the poor through diversification of their sources of livelihoods as a means of reducing poverty and food insecurity in rural areas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This case study aimed at assessing livelihood strategies, of small-scale farm households in Yobe state. The study examined the livelihood strategies of small- scale farm households, their food security status and the challenges they face in meeting their livelihoods. The finding of the study can be used as a basis for making suggestions that can enhance improvement in incomes and food security of small- scale farm households in Nigeria.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Study Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of the study was to document the household livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers in Fune Village of Yobe state, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3.1 Specific Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To describe the livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers in Fune Village of Yobe state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To identify the challenges small-scale farmers face in meeting their livelihood needs in Fune Village of Yobe state.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3.2 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i. What are the main livelihood strategies employed by the small-scale farmers in Fune Village of Yobe state?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii. What are the main challenges faced by the small-scale farmers in meeting their livelihood needs in Fune Village of Yobe state?</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Justification</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Livelihood analysis aims at examining livelihoods in order to improve the design and implementation of poverty reduction efforts. High prevalence of poverty especially in the rural areas has forced rural communities to adopt various livelihood strategies, which vary from one place to the other depending on the socio-economic conditions and natural resources available.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study will generate information that may contribute to the design of strategies that can lead to improved food security of small-scale farmers. Development practitioners are increasingly emphasizing the importance of understanding livelihood systems and the complexity of rural livelihoods for effective policy formulation (Deb et al, 2002). The concept of livelihood strategies has become central to development practice in the recent years (Brown et al, 2006). Livelihood approaches have the</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">advantage of placing the poor at the centre stage, and of exploring aspects of their livelihoods which are commonly neglected. These include the multi-dimensional nature of poverty itself, the diverse and dynamic nature of their portfolios and the complexities of accessing capital assets (Farrington et al, 2002).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study area falls in Nigeria’s agro-ecological region II which is characterized by moderate rainfall. Therefore, droughts are common in some rainy seasons. Droughts have many devastating effects on communities and the surrounding environment. The amount of devastation depends on the strength of the drought and the length of time an area is considered to be in drought conditions. Drought has greater impacts on poorer communities than on more prosperous communities who have better opportunities to bring in resources from other areas. Droughts affect water availability which ultimately affects agriculture activities such as crop and animal production. One of the peculiar aspects of livelihoods in the study area is that there are high levels of charcoal burning which competes with agricultural activities. Such activities contribute to environmental degradation. Due to large-scale deforestation that has been going on over the past years, there are concerns about the sustainability of the environment and economic activities in the area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research, therefore aims at generating location specific data on livelihood strategies of rural households in Nigeria’s Yobe state. This study will therefore help to contribute to literature gap in the country and inform policy makers about the status of livelihoods at the micro or household level. Consequently, carrying out research in the study area will contribute to both basic (academic) and applied (practical) purposes. Thus, both public and private actors as well as local and international non-governmental organization interested in promoting rural development in the study area will benefit from the findings of this study.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/agricultural-economics-rural-sociology.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">70 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-50029750852295328412023-10-19T14:50:00.000+01:002023-10-19T14:50:43.664+01:00EFFECT OF FISH FARMING ACTIVITIES<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study evaluated fish farming as a panacea to socio-economic development in Eti - Osa Local government area of Lagos State. The empirical survey research design was used for the study. 74 randomly selected farmers in Eti-Osa local Government area of Lagos State were selected for the study, comprising of 53 males and 21 females. The results revealed that in terms of age, majority (55.4 per cent) of the sampled fish farmers, in the study area have their age range between 31 and 40 years. Furthermore, the results also showed that the mean of the total variable cost per fish farming cycle was N980,544.68, the mean of the fixed cost with the total cost was N142,000.00, the total revenue was N 3,048,000.00 with the net income of N1,925,455.32. This implied that the level of production of fish farming in the study area was profitable. There was a significant relationship between fish farming and the socio-economic development in the study area. Similarly, there was significant relationship between the constraints of the enterprises and the income of fish farmers in Eti – Osa Local Government</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Area, Lagos State. Therefore, it was concluded from this study that fish farming in Eti Osa Local Government Area plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the people. However, variables such as finance, number of ponds, costs of feed and labour among others significantly affect the level of fish production in the study area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.0 INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The supply of fish in the Nigerian markets is steadily on the decline in the recent time due to some factors which include overfishing, high interest rates on loan among other things. Fish is a valuable source of complete protein with the most balanced amino acid profile (Olawusi Peters, 2008,). The flesh of fish is similar to that of meat in structure, but contains a greater percentage of water and more easily digested than meat. Adeyemo (2003) also reported that fish and fish based products provide cheap but high quality protein compared to bush meat, poultry and beef. Apart from protein, fish also contains a wide variety of vitamins which include vitamins A, B (thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid) C, D and E. Fish compliments meat as the cost of the latter is beyond what most Nigerian can afford (Adedokun, et al, 2006, Oladimeji et.al,2013). In Nigeria, the artisanal fishery covers operation of small motorized or non-motorized canoes by fishermen in the coastal areas. This provides jobs for over 400,000 fishermen in the coastal areas and members of their families (Akegbejo-Samsons, 1997). Quite a sizeable proportion of the Nigerian population especially people in coastal, riverine and lake areas of the country, earn their living from fish processing and marketing while others engaged in fisheries research (Soyinka and Kusemiju,2007; Bolarinwa, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The fisheries sub-sector of the Nigerian economy is made up of artisanal, industrial and cultured fisheries. The artisanal covers the operations of small-scale canoes, fisheries operating in the coastal areas, creeks, lagoons, inshore water and the inland rivers. The artisanal fishery is characterized by low capital outlay, low operational costs, low technology application and it is labor intensive (Adedokun et al., 2006, Bolarinwa, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">A major agricultural sub-sector where achieving food security has become elusive in Nigeria is the fish production subsector. Demand for fish in Nigeria stands at about 1.5 million metric tonnes per annum while domestic production is just 511,700 metric tonnes. The nation spends about N150 billion (US$1billion) annually to bridge the gap between supply and demand (CBN, 2011) consequently, several policy measures have been put in place to stimulate local fish farming. Till date, the results from the colossal investment and policy have not yielded the desired results. Recent threats all over the world, point to a decline in landing for capture fisheries, an indicator that fish stocks have approached or even exceeded the point of maximum sustainable yield. From statistical data on fish production in Nigeria, production has declined from 1984 till date to less than 400,000 metric tonnes when compared with 508,000 metric tonnes in 1982. (FDF, 2008). Food even more than clothing or shelter is the indispensable necessity of mankind. Despite various efforts to increase fish production, not much has been done to increase the productivity, profitability, activities, and problems of artisanal fishermen in Lagoon water. Increase in fish production will contribute to the well-being of the economy as a whole as this will improve the nutrition of the nation. Improvement in the nutrition of the nation will amount to national progress.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">However, despite the efforts of government, there is still a deficit in the supply and demand for fish by the population (Dada, 2014).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria has a population of over two hundred million people and has her national fish demand at over 1.5 million metric tones. The current annual aquaculture production is around 500,000 metric tones. These combined with ever decreasing catch (due to over exploitation) from the capture fisheries have not been able to meet the ever-increasing protein demand of the country. Thus, the challenge to increase protein consumption in Nigeria appears to be more urgent now than ever. Poor people are facing new barriers in both their production and returns on fish. Even by the standards of developing countries, fish farmers and fish workers are often among the poorest people and they generally operate on a small scale and use traditional fishing practices, yet new technologies and environment requirement favour large scale capital intensive operation at the expense of traditional and small scale commercial fishing (Delgado et al, 2003). Whereas small scale fish farming supplies the greatest percentage of the Nigerian’s annual fish production output (FDF, 1995).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Regrettably, the supply of food fish has been on the decline. This is due to consistent declines from the country’s major source of food fish, the homestead fisheries, from 90% in 1990 (Tobor, 1990) down to 40% in 2006 resulting to about 300,000 metric tonnes (Global Agriculture Information Network, GAIN, 2007). According to Osawe (2007), domestic fish production is put at 551,700 metric tonnes as against the present national demand of about 1.5 million metric tones estimated for 2007. The shortfall is said to be bridged by the importation of 680,000 metric tones annually consuming about N50 billion in foreign exchange (Odukwe, 2007). Thus, it is worthy of note to evaluate fish farming as panacea to socio economic development in Eti – Osa LGA of Lagos State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The aim of the study was to investigate Fish farming as a panacea to socio economic development in Eti - Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The specific objectives of the study were to:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. Ascertain the role of fish farming as a solution to well-being of residence of Eti – Osa, </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Local Government Area of Lagos State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. Determine the costs and returns structure of fish farming in Eti – Osa, Local </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Government Area of Lagos State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Assess the challenges encountered by fish farmers in Eti – Osa, Local Government Area of Lagos State.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">To aid the effective completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H0: Fish farming does not play any significant role in the socio economic development of Eti Osa Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H1: Fish farming does play a significant role in the socio economic development of Eti Osa Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H02: Fish farming do not have advantages over other forms of farming in Eti Osa Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">H2: Fish farming do have advantages over other forms of farming in Eti Osa Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to Lagos state house committee on agriculture and ministry of agriculture as the study seek to evaluate the numerous benefit of fish farming as solution to socio economic development of Eti Osa Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the study will serve as a reference point to further studies.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Finally, the study will be of great importance to reporters, academia’s, students, teachers and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature and also contribute to bank of knowledge in the subject matter.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of the study covers the evaluation of fish farming as a panacea to socio economic development in Eti Osa Local Government Area Lagos state. In the cause of the study, there are some factors which limited the scope of the study;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">a) Availability of research materials: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study. Also, it was expected that some of the fish farmers would be unable to respond to the research questionnaires by themselves due to low or no level of education; so, interview schedule were used to collect data from them.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">b) Time: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study. Finance: The finance budgeted for the study was a major constraint to the scope of the study, as the researcher has limited resources at his disposal to combine both research work and other academic engagement.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Agricultural Economics & Rural Sociology </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/agricultural-economics-rural-sociology.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">54 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-42195565050999546442023-10-14T18:49:00.001+01:002023-10-14T18:49:11.923+01:00THE EFFECT OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Leachate flow from urban dumpsites into surface and ground water sources can be detrimental to the urban population who use these waters sources. Gradual accumulations of contaminants in the water sources can result into high loads of pollutants which are potentially toxic to the users. In Ikirun Asa river that drain through the town and improved ground water wells are the main sources of portable water for most residents. The major aim of the study was to determine the impact of municipal solid waste disposal on Ground water contamination of these urban water sources. Specific objectives were to establish levels of pollutants in the wells and stream as compared to guidelines provided by NBS for drinking water and NEMA standards for effluent discharge to portable water sources; to determine the effects of wet and dry seasons on wells and stream water pollution and to determine the correlation between levels of pollutants in the water sources with respect to the distance from the dumping site. Four wells were purposively sampled for the study during the dry and wet seasons (August, September and early October, 2020). Surface water samples were collected from the stream at depth of ≤ 30m at sampling points located 400m and 800m upstream and downstream. Water samples from the wells were directly collected from the improved Well taps. All samples were analyzed for physiochemical and biological pollution indicators. The physicochemical parameters investigated included: Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity and anions No3- which were determined used using the standard analytical methods. Trace metals Pb, Cd, Zn and Mn were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Bacteriological analysis was done as prescribed by the standard methods for analysis of water and wastewater. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS software. The levels of electrical conductivity (EC), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), NO3- and E.coli in the leachate and portable water are higher than NBS/NEMA standards indicating possible health impacts posed by the dumpsite on surface and ground water quality. In all standards the total coli forms were found to be higher than 1600 counts/100ml posing a pathogenic health effect. The surface and ground water have pH within NBS acceptable range for drinking water. The seasonal effect was manifested by increased pollutants levels during the wet seasons as compared to dry seasons that were attributed to the solubility of organic material and increased runoff to the stream and percolation during the wet season as compared to the dry period. The concentration of pollutants had negative correlation with distances from the dumpsite. Pollutants concentration levels downstream are least related between streams and well. Thus water flowing downstream had negative correlation both in Zn (r= -.677, P= .323) and Mn (r= -.655, P= .345). This could have been due to other factors like the industrial activity at the lower part of the dumpsite. The results depict need for periodic assessment of the water quality and enactment of law on the safe distances for establishing Wells from the dumpsite areas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background to the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Development in the 20th century has changed rural communities to cities and towns to face a lot of environmental challenges. Such environmental issues are being addressed at global, regional and local levels (Smith, 2010). One of the most current environmental issues is on solid waste management from domestic, commercial and industrial sources. Solid waste management problem was identified during the United Nation Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Jenairo in 1992 and today emphasis is on reducing wastes. Also identified was the need to maximize reuse and recycling of Indiscriminate disposal of Solid waste (UNEP, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Solid waste management is one issue facing authorities in the fast-growing cities especially in developing countries. In Africa solid waste disposal is given priority over water quality according to the World Health Organization (Zerbock, 2003). In urban Africa explosive population growth rates is seen to translate into generation of noxious toxic chemicals (UNEP, 2010). Regardless of this kind of situation in Africa there is lack of infrastructural endowments to face challenges associated with huge amounts of Indiscriminate disposal of Solid waste (Ogwueleka, 2009) and as a result, heaps of Indiscriminate disposal of Solid wastes are common in the urban centres.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria the most common waste disposal method available is open dumping, incineration, composting and land filling. Selection of open dumping is based on geographical rather than geological and hydrogeological considerations (Widmann, 2006). Open solid waste dumping is common practice since it is quite economical for municipal solid waste (Ustohalova et al, 2006). Being economical most dump sites accept a variety of semi-solids, non-hazardous solids, and liquid wastes from diverse sources, such as industrial, households, businesses, agricultural, medical facilities, restaurants, and schools. Contaminants from gasoline spills, households and other toxic wastes find their way to the dumping sites (Calvo, 2005). Available literature in Nigeria show that such indiscriminant dumping threatens both human health. Repercussions range from water pollution, flooding, ugly sights of stinking and pest-infested piles of Indiscriminate disposal of Solid waste and spread of diseases in urban areas (Gakungu et al, 2012).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Ikirun has an urban population of 69,740 based on the 2009 National Population and Housing Census and a day population of 400,000 people (MCK, 2011). This high population is increasingly putting a lot of pressure on the existing infrastructure. The rivers that were once the major sources of water for domestic use are polluted resulting to people using wells as the alternative source of water. The dumpsite located close to the streams and ground water recharge areas easily release pollutants to this water bodies. With gradual accumulation pollutants can become harmful to the end users. The research determined the concentrations of pollutants with regard to guidelines as determined by Nigeria Bureau of Standards (NBS, 2006) and NEMA effluent levels for waste water discharge, seasons and distance from the dumpsite.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Leachate from municipal dumping sites is a potentially polluting liquid to ground and surface water if not well managed. Low level discharges of contaminants may not be harmful but long-term partitioning to the sediments can result into high toxic accumulations that may have serious effects on the users. In Ikirun Asa river that drains through the town and ground water wells are the main sources of portable water for most residents. Ilorin municipal dumpsite located along the river is the single solid waste dumping site in Ikirun. Leachate from the dumpsite finds its ways through surface runoff to Asa river while also percolating to the ground water aquifers. Since most of the urban residents in Ikirun predominantly use these water sources it is necessary to determine the concentration levels of the pollutants in these water sources so as to ascertain their suitability for domestic use. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the impacts of Indiscriminate disposal of Ground water contamination.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The research questions for the study were:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) How are the levels of pollutants in the wells and stream water compared to guidelines provided by Nigeria Bureau of Standards for drinking water and NEMA effluent discharge levels?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) What are the effects of wet and dry seasons on pollutant levels in stream and well water?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) How do levels of pollutants in wells and surface water vary with distances from the sampling sites?</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Objectives of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.1 General Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The main objective was to determine the effects of Ground water contamination in Ikirun, Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.2 Specific Objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Specific research objectives were to establish;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) The levels of pollutants in the wells and stream water as compared to guidelines provided by Nigeria Bureau of Standards for drinking water and NEMA effluent discharge guidelines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) The effects of seasons on wells and stream water pollutants levels</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) The correlation between levels of pollutants in wells and surface water with distances from the dumping site.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Hypotheses</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">i) There is no significant difference in levels of pollutants in ground water and surface water from the guidelines set by Nigeria Bureau of Standards (NBS, 2006) and NEMA, 2012.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">ii) Seasons have no significant effect on ground water and surface water quality</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">iii) There is no significant correlation between levels of pollutants with distances from the dumpsite.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The information obtained will help the Ikirun government in policy formulation on waste management and location of wells as well as monitoring of the pollution levels of the stream and wells. This study yielded data and information that will be useful in managing the level of pollutants in the wells and stream based on the guidelines provided by NBS and NEMA effluent discharge recommended minimum levels. The findings of this study will help the Urban government in decision making and institutionalization of a framework for waste management.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7.1 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study was carried in Ikirun, in Ilorin, Kwara state. The study focused on the effects of the Ilorin Municipal dumpsite leachate on Ground water contamination. Physico-chemical and biological parameters of water and leachate were determined. Sampling was based on the leachate discharge from the dumping site, wells and the surface water in Ikirun. Water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7.2 Limitations of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study determined the effects of dumpsite leachate on the groundwater and surface water during the two seasons. The parameters measured were limited by financial constraints and time hence the results are limited in revealing the trends over time.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1.8 Conceptual framework The conceptual framework is based on the relationship between leachate generation and the quality of the surface water and the ground water. The solid waste management elements are the basis of waste management practices of achieving environmental health. The management of Indiscriminate disposal of Solid wastes at the dumping sites with time, solid waste characteristics and other intervening factors were significant in correlation to the quality of the surface and ground water.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Water Resources & Environmental Engineering </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/water-resources-environmental.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">62 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-87285906615060411462023-10-14T18:40:00.001+01:002023-10-14T18:40:43.934+01:00EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN RURAL ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PROVISION IN IGBO ETITI LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF ENUGU STATE<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of this study was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. The study employed a quantitative approach, an explanatory research design and obtained data from primary sources of data’s using questionnaires. The study used systematic random sampling techniques and selected 392 samples The data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Version 26 at a probability level of 95% confidence interval or α=0.05 and data could be analyzed numerically. The finding of the study showed that the mean value of all factors was at the medium level. The correlation result showed that personal factors had a strong positive correlation with community participation and the rest factors had a moderate correlation with the response variables. The study also found that personal, economic, social, and institutional factors had a positive and high Beta value that implied a positive and significant effect on community participation, whereas, political factors had an insignificant effect on community participation. The study concluded that personal, economic, social, and institutional factors had a positive and significant effect on community participation. The study recommended that the municipality should minimize the causes of personal factors by improving its service delivery, engage low-income households by providing financial or non-financial incentives, minimize social factors by establishing a means of educating the community, and deliver a capacity building program in the municipality.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Keywords: Economic, Institutional, Personal, Political, Social Factors</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This chapter deals about giving an introduction to the study. Therefore, it focused on background of the study, statement of the problem, research objectives, significance, scope, limitation of the study and organization of the research report.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">As noted by Paul, (1987), community particioation is a dynamic process that the people influence the implementation of projects beyond actively accept the project benefits. The objective of community participation may include the active involvement of the community in every step in the project, cooperation, shared decision and control over resources and capacity building to achieve more sustainable desired outcomes (Begum, 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Historically as Cornwall, (2002) clarified that in the 1970 s, „popular participation‟ was reinforced by guidelines/ rules that the poor‟s were included in the development project. This idea was developed by World Organizations. By the late 1980s, a conscience was made about participation in development tasks as essential and appropriate in order to safeguard the poor‟s efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability. At the beginning 1990s, Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) was perceived as an instrument to implement participation. As indicated by Barrow, Mwanakatwe, Hashi, Zerihun, & Ndisale, (2011) GoE distinguishes the significant role that communities and non-governmental actors can react in the development process to make public service users accountable. However, CP in the planning and the budgetary process is still limited. Wodajo, Yiadom, & Asfaw, (2014) revealed that public participation in isolating the problem, implementation, and evaluation of the activity and its outcomes were still insignificant and not a long-standing development project and avoids making every decision and activity by the state only.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Koppinen & Lahdenperä, (2004) road project delivery indicates enabling more integrated services, requiring broader know-how from service providers. It is well- known that the implementation of road projects will have an immediate adverse impact on definite community members or groups through different ways, and such effects may </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">cause disagreement among the people and municipality. As a result, community participation is a necessary means to remove such uncertainties. The reasons for encouraging community participation is for some advantages that it helps the projects by improving the quality of project route planning and design using a collection of knowledge, promoting cooperation and trust between the municipality and the communities, and help to identify potential causes of disagreement in the project Ahuja & Priyadarshini, (2017). Besides, one of the principal objectives of road construction in a given area is to promote socio-economic development in the area (Authority, 2015). Therefore, since developing road infrastructure had a numerous benefit and at the same time impact on society, and even the central principle of community participation is that of giving local people the opportunity to be a part of the programmes, influence or contribute to the decision-making process and actively participate in issues that concern them (Begum, 2015) it is necessary to focus on community participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Igbo Etiti Local Government Area municipality office report (UDHCSO2008– 2012) E.C, the road infrastructure development of the town administration showed that the performance of gravel road accomplished at 83.84%, Cobblestone road at 91 % and Asphalt road at 100% according to its predetermined plan. But the town involved the community for the purpoe of money contribution in 2009 on road infrastructure development to construct Asphalt road. As Seboka, Assmie, & Ibrahim, (2020) conclude that, the problem of community participation influences the opportunity for raising institutionalized community engagement in the city and hindered the synergy of the developing trend of participation in the development of the city. In this respect, it is important to identify the primary factors that affect CP. Thus, the study conducted to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of the Problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The purpose of the study was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area, Enugu state, Nigeria. Based on the researcher‟s understanding and accesses of information from different websites, even though previous studies/ theoretical investigations like a theory of constraint was conducted by Eliyahu Goldratt in 1980s, it was a system management theory and focused on profit-oriented organizations but, it did not show how public (not for profit) organizations continuously improved their system using five selected steps. Onother theory made by Mostert, (2003) tried to concluded that knowledge of participatory approaches and methods more importantly an open, transparent and outward-looking of the governments were the real challenges of community participation. Thus, the study didn‟t consider other factors. Beside these, theoretical gaps previousely studied empirical researchs by some researchers like Legesse, (2015) on the experience and challenges of community participation in urban infrastructural development found that determinants of public participation were lack of access to information, the presence of ineffective communication; lack of interaction between municipality and kebele leaders; lack of awareness on the part of the community, Serbeh-Yiadom, (2014) also study on the title of improving people‟s participation in a local development project; In addition to these, researchers like Kakonge, (1996) and ; J. T. Plummer, (2000) found that the key factors affecting the nature of community participation include: lack of announcement between the administrators and the people, gender, employment, education and litracy, culture and belief. But most of them focused on the experiences and challenges. Moreover, the above studies were statistically analyzed and concluded their data using descriptive statistics (frequency). But there was a scarcity of an investigation conducted on the community participation on rural road infrastructure provisions. Specifically, on the personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors, and there was also a scarcity of a study that analyzed the influence of the above five issues on CP using correlation and regression analysis methodology.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In addition to this, most of the empirical studies listed above were conducted outside the study area. Besides, the study conducted in Igbo Etiti Local Government Area because of the reason that while the experience of the town administration on road infrastructure development was high but almost all these road infrastructures were developed by the government and observed poor community participation based on the town administration urban development housing and construction office annual report from 2008-2012 E.C. Due to this reason the researcher wanted to conduct his research on this issue.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Research Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3.1 General Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The general objective of this research was to investigate the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3.2 Specific Objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study had the following specific objectives:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1 To examine the practice of community participation in rural road infrastructure provision.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2 To examine the strength of associastion between personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors and community participation. .</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3 To investigate the effect of personal, economic, social, political, and institutional factors on community participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Research Hypothesis</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Based on the theoretical and empirical review, the researcher hypothesized the following:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. HA= Personal factors are significantly and positively affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. HA= Economic factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. HA= Social factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. HA= Political factors are significantly and positively affect community participation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">5. HA= Institutional factors are significantly and positively affect community participation</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5 Significance of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study would be significant for the following cases: It would help to generate information that minimizes a gap on the factors affecting the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision specifically on personal factors; economic factors; social factors; political factors, and institutional factors that affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It informed the municipality agents to know the community participation in rural road infrastructure provision and it helps them to prepare themselves to tackle this problem. It would also contribute to municipality agents to plan properly for improving the current community participation problems. It helped the community to know the benefits and the factors that influence their involvement in road infrastructuraldevelopment projects. It helped as a source for other researchers who investigate similar issues and other urban infrastructural factors in the town.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Scope of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of this study was to investigate the factors that affect community participation in rural road infrastructure provision in the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. Specifically, the study focused on examining the effect of personal factors; economic factors; social factors; political, and institutional factors on community participation in rural road infrastructure provision on (asphalt road, cobblestone road, gravel road) the case of Igbo Etiti Local Government Area. While environmental, and technological factors also determine the involvement of the community in rural road infrastructure provision but the researcher did not include them in the study because of researcher‟s limited ability, resource and time, and due to the reason that these factors were not a primary factor as compared to the above listed five factors.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">While a longitudinal study was appropriate to get better quality data from the respondent due to limited time and resource the study used a cross-sectional study, explanatory research design, quantitative research approach and primary data collection techniques. The Primary data collected from households.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Limitations of the Study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">During the time of data collection, the researcher faced different challenges that had a negative result on the study. These were: absence of getting enough reports and plans of the town administration road infrastructural projects from the municipality and plan commission, lack of willingness of focal persons to show necessary data for the researcher when managers were absent, lack of willingness of the respondents to fill quesionary, absence of data including rules, regulations e.t.c related to public participation in the municipality.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Urban & Regional Planning </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/urban-regional-planning-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">46 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-79180424781775232472023-10-14T18:29:00.000+01:002023-10-14T18:29:04.796+01:00DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY STATUS AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This study explores the determinants of poverty among households in Nigeria. Poverty is complex and dynamic and it involves social, economic, cultural, political and other forms of deprivation. Such deprivation affects individuals of different age brackets, sex and abilities or disabilities. It also affects entire households, certain social groups and communities that are marginalized and disadvantaged</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In order to establish the relationship between socio-economic and demographic characteristics and poverty among households in Nigeria, a Possession score on assets was used to estimate of household welfare. In the construction of the possession score index, a score was given to each asset based on counting of the physically present assets backed up by visual inspection. Seven </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">(7) items were included after considering what the people in Nigeria wish to possess as soon as their income increases. The households were classified as poor, middle class and rich if they had a total of score between 0-3 (inclusive), 4-5 (inclusive) and 6-7 (inclusive), respectively. This aided to distinguish between households, which were under the condition of high deprivation, at risk of deprivation and those households, which were living in the condition of less deprivation.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Although the study indicated that most of the factors were significant, the female headed households were found to be poorer than males. This study also found out that as age of the household head increases, the likelihood of belonging to middle and rich classes increases.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The urban households had higher odds of belonging to the middle class than rural households. Households with employed heads had higher odds of belonging to middle class than those with unemployed heads. Households with educated women were found to have higher odds of belonging to middle class than those with uneducated women. Households with heads in who </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">were never married were found to be poorer than the married. However, according to the study, sex, residence and household size do not greatly affect household poverty. Therefore, there is need to design strategies that would help rural and the deprived urban people (areas) overcome poverty by setting up projects which would enable them overcome poverty.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives, hypothesis and conceptual framework. It also outlines the scope and significance of the study. It further defines concepts and terms used in the study.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1 Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In September 2000, the International Community issued a statement pronouncing the eradication of poverty as the number one development goal for the millennium. Specifically, it set out to halve severe poverty by the year 2015. Coinciding with this commitment, the World Bank henceforth, focused the ITS 2001/01 World Development Report on exploring best practices for reaching this goal, repositioning poverty alleviation as the single greatest mission guiding the Bank’s policies and programs.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Extreme poverty remains a daily reality for more than a billion people who survive on less than the basic needed for a day to day survival. Hunger and malnutrition are almost equally pervasive: more than 800 million people have too little to meet their daily energy needs. For young children the lack of food can be perilous since it retards their physical and mental development and threatens their very survival. More than a quarter of children under age 5 in developing countries are malnourished, (UN, 2005)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Poverty is multi-dimensional. It is characterized by lack of purchasing power, exposure to risk, malnutrition, high mortality rate, low life expectancy, insufficient access to social and economic services and few opportunities for income generation. Though the incidence of poverty in </span><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;">Nigeria is much higher in the rural areas than in the urban centers, the urban slum dwellers form one of the more deprived groups.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria, the poverty head count is estimated at 31.1% which registers a decline from 37.1 %. (UN, 2007). The report further reveals that poverty in the rural areas has gone down 41.7 in 2002/2003 to 34.2 in 2005/2006 where as the decline in rural poverty is evident, the disproportionate contribution of the rural areas to national poverty is still the same, (UN, 2007). The Urban Though have small numbers of the poor compared to their rural counterparts, statistics hide deep inequalities and gross over concentration of the poverty situation, (UN, 2007)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Aggregate statistics hide deep inequalities and gross over concentrations of situations within urban and rural areas in the country. Most assessments actually underestimate the scale and depth of poverty (World Bank, 2002). One aspect of poverty that emerges strongly from people’s description of their experience is the notion of vulnerability (Beard, 1998). Many households while not currently in poverty recognize that they are vulnerable and that events could easily push them into poverty.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2 Statement of a problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The 2007 Millennium development goals progress report indicates that the income poverty headcount for Nigeria today is 31.1 % from 37.7% in 2002/2003. Poverty in urban areas increased from 12.2 % in 2002/3 to 13.7% in 2005/06 compared to rural areas which decreased from 41.7% in 2002/03 to 34.2% in 2005/06. The decrease in poverty is attributed to the better performance in the agricultural sector with an increment in the coffee prices and increase in poverty is also as a result of the decrease in agricultural produce (UN, 2007).</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Where as it is assumed that poverty has gone down and the situation is getting better, its not the case with the people who merely survive in the slums in urban centers where most of them do not have any stable income and run the risk of being poor (UN, 2007). The poor in the rural areas too are still living in aggravating conditions, and during the period 2002/2003-2005/2006, the contribution of rural areas to national poverty remained unchanged at about 93% (UN, 2007). The fact that most poor households have high dependency rates with about 60% of the household members being children has also kept households in grave poverty situations (ibid).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Despite government efforts to curb poverty under programmes like the poverty Eradication Plan (PEAP), poverty levels in the country are still high, and more people are living in absolute poverty. Poverty in Nigeria seems to be tackled at National level, rather than Household level, a reason why a study should be carried out to establish the relation between Household demographic and socio economic conditions and poverty basing on material wellbeing of a household using possession of assets criterion.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3 Objectives of study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The major objective of the study was to determine the poverty status of households in Nigeria and more specifically the study sought to find out the following;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To establish the relationship between socio economic and demographic characteristics and poverty among households in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To determine the relationship between the gender of the household head and poverty status in urban and rural areas.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4 Hypothesis</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In order to address the stated objectives, the following hypothesis was tested.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There is a significant relationship between the education of the Household head and the poverty status of a Household.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. There is a significance relationship between residence and occupation of the household head with ownership of household assets.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Households headed by males are more likely to posses more assets than the female headed households.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6 Justification of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is hoped that the findings of the study will help to contribute policy recommendations to government agencies and programmes like Poverty Eradication Plan (PEAP), Health Sector Strategic Plans (HSSP), National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS) and non-government organizations that are involved in poverty eradication programmes like the World Bank under the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">This research will also help to generate and build social and economic indicators for monitoring the progress made towards social and economic development goals of the country and interpreting the findings of the data in a simpler way understood by the people.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study will also contribute to the update literature for academicians especially in the Institute of Statistics specially the Department of Population Studies and other institutions of learning.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7 Organization of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The chapter one of the dissertation starts by introducing the topic, followed by the statement of the problem, objectives and the hypothesis, finally the significance of the study. The second chapter of the presents the literature reviewed from other studies that are related to the topic of study. The third chapter of the dissertation presents the methodology adopted by the study and includes sources of data, the study design and population followed by the study variables, data management and analysis. The following chapters for and five present the finds of the study at a all the three stages, univariate, bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis. Finally chapter six presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations.</span></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;"><br /></span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Urban & Regional Planning </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/urban-regional-planning-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">53 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1445214009550974458.post-20390871241934828302023-10-14T18:22:00.001+01:002023-10-14T18:22:17.100+01:00THE ROLE OF AIRLINE IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE TOURISM<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: large;"><b>ABSTRACT</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Travel and tourism plays an important role for the growth of the country’s economy. Airline in Nigeria was not given due consideration because of the restriction imposed by the government. The overall aim of the study is to analyze the characteristics & contribution of airline to Nigerian tourism sector. The study was employed quantitative data research approach. Secondary data supplemented by primary data using questionnaire was conducted. Two hundred twenty six (226) questionnaire i.e. open ended and close ended was distributed to traveler company out of which one hundred one (101) was returned. In Nigerian the private operators in the aviation industry are restricted to the international flight rather than limited to domestic because of the restriction imposed by the regulatory body. Travel and tourism is complementing each other. Determinant factors such as liberalization, seat capacity, and frequency of flight & alternative mode of transport affect the airlines. From the findings their exist relationship between private air and tourism. In addition, airfare, frequency of flight has significant relationship to the variables. Therefore, the government should give an emphasize to this private air and should set free the restriction and bring them to the market to work in collaboration with Nigerian Airlines.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>CHAPTER ONE</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.1.Background of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The growth of travel and tourism and its contribution to the global economy becomes the point of attention to business and development policy makers. According to a recent report by the World Travel & Tourism Council (2017), for the six successive years (2011-2016), the growth in travel and tourism outpaced that of the global economy (2.5%). Before starting to investigate the nature and contribution of airline operation in Nigeria, it is better to have an insight regarding the trend of travel and tourism sector in Nigeria. The travel business is categorized as part of the tourism industry, which is defined as activities that comprises of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual places of residence for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes (United Nations World Tourism Organization, 2008). More than 185 supply side economic activities that have significant connections to tourism are listed under the UNWTO (United Nation World Tourism organization) standard classification of tourism activities. These include among other services; hotels and lodging, food and beverage, culture and entertainment, banking and finance, Transportation (ground, air and water) as well as promotion and public relations etc (ibid).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Tourism industry is one of the major sectors in which many countries rely on to achieve their economic goals as it impacts almost every other industry in a country. Although tourism is a sector in which many African counties have always been active in, the region has the smallest tourism sector compared to other regions in the world and the main reason behind this is the safety hazard of its transportation service which is uninviting for tourists. Looking at the contribution of transport service for a country’s tourism sector, the availability of air transport has increased the opportunity for both leisure and business travelers to experience different cultures and markets. As a result it has increased the contribution of tourism in poverty reduction by generating economic growth, providing employment opportunities, contributing to the trade balance and by being significant source foreign exchange (Kalkidan, 2015).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Good ease of use is essential for the development of any tourism destination. While mass tourism was possible by other means of transport, the great step forward was put by developments in commercial aviation. From the 1970s onwards, there has been a continuous stream of innovations and favorable conditions in air transport which have resulted in the stimulation of growth in tourism, especially in long-haul tourism. Two developments contributed significantly to growth of air transport. (1) The rapid development and application of technology have made it possible for aircraft to operate efficiently and safely. But the main contribution of technology has been to lower air fares, thereby allowing more and more people to use air transport on a routine basis (Inter VISTA, 2006).(2) The gradual abolition of restrictions on air transport has contributed to create an efficient air transport structure based on free market mechanism. These links between air transport and tourism industries are reciprocal. On one hand, tourism is a driving factor for change in air transport, and on the other, air transport opens new destinations and new forms of tourism such as long-haul excursions (Bieger, 2006).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The strong complementarily between air transport and tourism to certain regions means that the performance of the tourism is dependent on both market conditions and government policy prevailing in aviation industry and vice-versa. This implies that both industries should be considered simultaneously and should work more closely for mutual benefit (Forsyth, and Dwyer, 2010). Argue that international aviation agreements were negotiated between countries with no reference to any impacts they might have on other industries, especially tourism. Consequently, until recently, the economic impact of alternative civil aviation regimes has often been investigated with no explicit reference to the benefits of tourism. This can partly be explained by the discrepancies between tourism and aviation industries regarding approaches to measuring demand. The former is usually measured by looking at tourism numbers or tourist- nights and the latter in terms of passengers or passenger kilometers but it is not often possible to identify the purpose, or true origin and destination of travel (Dwyer et al, 2010).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria has been less successful in developing its domestic air services. Moreover, the country shows no sign of effective domestic liberalization of the air transport market. Nigerian Airlines holds near-monopoly on domestic routes (82.3 percent home capacity). The minor role of the domestic traffic is a constraint for the development of domestic tourism since road and rail accessibility especially in rural area are still very low (Eric, 2013). In Nigerian aviation industry there are 24 licensed companies registered to operate in airline, out of the 24 licensed companies 9 have already started operation. The companies that had started operation were licensed either to provide passenger or cargo transportation services with the exception of a few that were licensed in both categories.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA, 2016), the Nigerian government was invited by the United States of America to attend the Chicago conference of December 7, 1944. This made Nigeria one of the few African nations to sign the convention of the International Civil Aviation Organization. This same year, another major step was taken by the Government of Nigeria and the Civil Aviation Authority was founded. One year later in 1945, Nigerian Airlines was founded with six-second world surplus DC-3/c-47 airplanes. In 1951, through the technical assistance provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization, aviation school was opened in Abuja. The first 60 trainees of the school were trained in Communication, Navigation, Aircraft, Metrology, and Radio operation and maintenance.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">There are 61 airports in Nigeria, of which two international and twelve regional/ domestic are being administered by the ECAA, a regulatory agency, and the Nigeria Airports’ Enterprise, a service rendering agency. Almost all Airports are owned by the government which also is the main provider of air traffic and navigation services. The ECAA has developed a comprehensive National Airports Development Plan covering the period 1999-2017 including among others airport expansion, pilot training and aircraft maintenance. Bole International Airport is Nigeria’s major entry point by air and is currently serving more than 150 flights a day with Nigerian Airlines accounting for more than 60 daily departures. It is the third busiest airport in Africa, handling over 3 million passengers per year. The airport has been upgraded in recent years to quite high standards, and is now able to handle up to 17 aircraft simultaneously.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.2. Statement of the problem</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Nigeria as one of the African countries that possesses the highest number of World Heritage Site, as recognized by United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) led the government to prioritize tourism development. By recognizing the benefit of the industry owing to its contribution to the country’s GDP and its influence on other sectors. The government has given due consideration to tourism in its development strategy as a driving force for economic growth. The speedy mode of travel for most tourists is air transport. Thus it is one of the factor of tourism flow to the country and needs due attention in making the tourism sector of the country become one of the chief income generating industries. Tourism is increasingly being promoted as an important source of economic growth especially in developing countries. While there are many elements that contribute to tourism growth, without an efficient air transport system, it is almost impossible for a number of landlocked developing nations like Nigeria, to expand and sustain domestic and international tourism.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The presence of an efficient air transport service increases economic competitiveness among countries by facilitating access to the world market and enhancing regional integration. It also eases labor mobility advancement of hospitality and tourism industry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Therefore, Tourism development trunk from efficient transport network will, in the presence of strong linkage with the local economy, not only create direct benefits for tourism-related businesses such as hotels, visitor attractions, restaurants etc., but also indirect benefits in other sectors such as agriculture, construction and manufacturing and therefore contribute to poverty reduction (Eric et al, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In 2014/15 the travel & tourism sector accounted for 4.1% of the GDP. These statistics reflect the economic activities generated by industries such as hotels, travel agents, air transport service and other passenger transportation services (UNWTO, 2015). In Nigerian context the tourist in- flow has been steadily rising over the past five years reaching 793,000 in 2014/15 and the largest share comprises of vacationers accounting for 34% of the total number of tourists. Business and conference tourists together account for about 28%, while overnight transit passenger accounted for 16% of the total number of visitors. For the past five years the number of tourists has been growing at an annual rate of 13% In its effort to make Nigeria one of the top five tourist destinations in Africa, the (Ministry of Culture and Tourism here after, MOCT is planning to increase the number of visitors to 2.5 million by 2020 (MOCT, 2015). Tourism accessibility has evolved and become very much commercialized and developed in countries like Nigeria. The accessibility of a destination is an indicator for tourist arrivals, which increases tourist receipts to the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Air transport are vital, Due to impact of restrictive regimes, there has been a general move towards liberalization in recent years since 1996. The airline sector was moderately opened to private investors by the FDRE investment proclamation No. 37/1996. The restrictive regulatory of this proclamation permit only Nigerian nationals to invest in this sector using aircraft of maximum loading capacity of up to 20-passenger or cargo capacity up to 2700kg. The revised investment proclamation also increases the maximum loading capacity from 20 to50 and removed the restriction on cargo capacity. Even if the revised proclamation increase the number of passengers and cargo capacity, none of the airlines are not allowed to operate on the scheduled operation thus, they are operating on the non-scheduled (charter operation). However, if there is a liberalization on private air line in Nigeria the development of this air line shows unsuccessful.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In Nigeria there is airline service starting from 1961 but the sector is still not growing because of different factors these are ; lack of travel insurance for tourist, absence of tour operators and private air company working in collaboration, absence of participation of Insurance and banking industry on this sector and Impossibility of operating cargo service and direct flight is not allowed, these and other factors are the one which hinder the development of airline service and that leads to the under development of tourism sector. The other reasons which stated for the slow moving of tourism industry such as ; lack of approaching tourist, rigid bureaucracy and lack of workable system are the factors which negatively affect the development of Nigerian travel and tourism sector.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">It is important to note that the Nigerian government has set in train an initiative to develop the tourism industry. In order to achieve this well, it is necessary to collaborate with Nigerian Airlines, airline providers, tour operators as well as it is better to encourage foreign ownership. In most African nations tourism is constrained by the limited offer of flights and the lack of convenient services. A number of problems that are likely to have a negative impact on tourism have been identified in this view. These include problems relative to high airfares and to insufficient service of scheduled or even charter services and problems relative to the inadequacy of airport infrastructures and, last but not least, problems relative to aviation safety (Eric, 2013).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">According to emerging findings, over the longer term, the growth of the Travel and Tourism sector will continue to be strong so long as the investment and development takes place in an open and sustainable manner. Enacting pro-growth travel policies that share benefits more equitably can foster a talent and business environment necessary to enable Travel & Tourism to realize its potential. In doing so, not only can we expect the sector to support over 380 million jobs by 2027 (World Travel & Tourism Council, 2017). A number of factors contributed for the growth prominently the advancements in transport and communication services (ibid). However, the role of the private transport sectors to the growth of the tourism sector is less investigated. Therefore, this study is essential to explore the nature and contribution of airline to the Nigerian tourism sector. By doing so, it is intended to provide an insight for the tourism industry policy maker to consider the airline industry major contribution for the advancement of tourism industry of the country.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.3. Research Questions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The study is going to be guided by the following research question.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. How much is the contribution of airline to Nigerian tourism?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. What are the major drawbacks that limit the advancement of airline service in Nigeria?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. Which are major factors that affect the contribution of airline service for tourism industry?</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4. Objective of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.1. General objective</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The overall aim of the study is to analyze the nature and contribution of airline service in Nigerian tourism industry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.4.2. Specific objectives</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Specifically, the study tries to address the following key research objectives</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">1. To examine the features of airline service in Nigeria</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">2. To investigate the problems associated with Nigerian travel and tourism industry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">3. To assess airline for the advancement of tourism industry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">4. To assess the factors that affects the contribution of airline in the development of the tourism industry</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.5. Significance of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">In general, identifying the nature and contribution of airline service will help to provide relevant information to the policy makers to enable them to come up with the appropriate policy regarding the growth of the sector, its contribution to the tourism industry and to the general economy as a whole. And also the output from this study will assist both travel and tourism industry stockholders to deliver practical solution to mitigate the problems regarding harmonization of air transport and tourism development strategy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Hence, this research work will have a significant contribution of revealing the impact of airline contribution on the development of Nigerian tourism industry through identifying the major factors that affects airline service and to mitigate those hindering factors by forwarding the possible solutions and recommendations. Additionally the findings from this study will provide relevant information to the operators and also it will deliver additional input for other scholarly work in the field of aviation and tourism industry.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.6. Scope and limitation of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The scope of the study relies in the areas of identifying the major factors that affect airline development in line with its contribution in the tourism industry considering airline service as dependent and tourism sector as independent variable by utilizing descriptive analysis model determining the airline contribution to country specifically to the tourism industry of the country which have not been incorporated in other previous or recent studies in Nigeria.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;"><b>1.7. Limitation of the study</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">The major limitation of this study is that it is difficult to incorporate the data before 2012 because, domestic air transport sector was re-opened for private sector participation and relevant data is available after liberalization of the sector. The other limitation of the study includes difficulty to find relevant data on the related topic and unavailability of enough literature on Nigerian travel and tourism industry. From the sample size perspective also there will be limitation to select the sample from the limited number of airline companies in Nigeria. The study will be conducted through explanatory by adopting multiple regression model.</span></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: times;"><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">For more Tourism </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 20.7px;">Projects <a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/tourism-project-topics.html">Click here</a></span></i></b></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222;">===================================================================</span></b></span><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Item Type:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Project Material</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Size:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">86 pages</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Chapters:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">1-5</span></b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">Format:</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">MS Word</span></b><b><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b></span><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #990000;">| Delivery:</span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #c00000;"> </span></b><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #073763;">Within 30Mins.</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial;">===================================================================</span></b></div><div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13pt;"><a href="https://www.projectreserve.com/p/get-complete-project-material.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #073763;">DOWNLOAD THIS PROJECT MATERIAL NOW! </span><span style="color: #990000;">CLICK HERE!</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div><br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0